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definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an agonist?

A

a drug which enhances the body’s natural response or mimics the natural response of the body

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2
Q

What does amphoteric mean?

A

a substance which can act as both an acid and a base

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3
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

a drug which blocks the natural response of the body

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4
Q

What is an aromatic compound?

A

aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring in their structure

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5
Q

What does the aufbau principle state?

A

states that orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy

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6
Q

What is avogardo’s constant?

A

the number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole ( L = 6.02 × 10 to 23 mol-1)

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7
Q

What is a buffer solution?

A

a solution in which the pH remains approximately constant when small amounts of acid or base are added

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8
Q

What is carbocation?

A

an ion with a positively charged carbon atom

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9
Q

What is a chiral molecule?

A

A chiral molecule is one which has a non-superimposable mirror image, i.e. optical isomers exist. All chiral molecules have a chiral carbon atom, i.e. a carbon atom with four different atoms or groups bonded to it

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10
Q

What is a chromophore?

A

The group of atoms within a molecule which is responsible for the absorption of light in the visible spectrum. Molecules containing a chromophore are coloured

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11
Q

What is a cis molecule?

A

cis molecules have two of the same atom or group on the same side of a carbon-to-carbon double bond

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12
Q

What is a closed system?

A

a closed system has no exchange of matter or energy with its surroundings

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13
Q

What is a conjugate acid?

A

the species left when a base accepts a proton

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14
Q

What is a conjugate base?

A

the species formed when an acid donates a proton

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15
Q

What is a conjugated system?

A

conjugated systems contain delocalised electrons spread over a few atoms. This is often through alternating single and double bonds

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16
Q

What is the co-ordination number?

A

the number of bonds a transition metal ion forms with surrounding ligands

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17
Q

What is a dative bond?

A

a bond where both electrons have come from one of the elements involved in the bond

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18
Q

What is a degenerate orbital?

A

a set of atomic orbitals that are of equal energy to each other are said to be degenerate

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19
Q

What is a dynamic equilibrium?

A

a dynamic equilibrium is achieved when the rates of two opposing processes become equal, so that no net change results

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20
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

the range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

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21
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

a species which is attracted to an electron rich site; electrophiles are electron deficient and have a positive charge

22
Q

What is electrophilic addition?

A

addition across a carbon-to-carbon double bond

23
Q

What is electrophilic substitution?

A

substitution of a hydrogen atom on a benzene ring for an electrophile

24
Q

What is an enantimor?

A

optical isomers (non-superimposable mirror images) are known as enantiomer

25
Q

What is the “enthalpy of formation”?

A

the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is formed from its elements in their standard states

26
Q

What is entropy?

A

the degree of disorder of a system

27
Q

What is the equivalence point?

A

the equivalence point in a titration experiment is reached when the reaction between the titrant (added from the burette) and the titrate (in the flask) is just complete.

28
Q

What is free energy?

A

the total amount of energy available to do work

29
Q

What is frequency?

A

the number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point in one unit of time, usually one second

30
Q

What is meant by the term “ground state”?

A

the lowest possible electronic configuration the electrons in an atom can adopt

31
Q

What does Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle state?

A

states that it is impossible to state precisely the position and the momentum of an electron at the same instant

32
Q

What does HOMO stand for?

A

highest occupied molecular orbital

33
Q

What does Hund’s rule state?

A

that when degenerate orbitals are available, electrons fill each singly, keeping their spins parallel before pairing starts

34
Q

What is Ionisation Energy?

A

the first ionisation energy of an element is the energy required to remove one electron from each of one mole of atoms in the gas phase to form one mole of the positively charged ions in the gas phase

35
Q

What is a ligand?

A

an ion or molecule which can bind to a transition metal ion to form a complex: ligands have a negative charge or at least one lone pair of electrons

36
Q

What does LUMO stand for?

A

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

37
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

a species which is attracted to a positive charge; nucleophiles are electron rich species, i.e. they have a negative charge or lone pairs of electrons

38
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution?

A

a reaction in which one atom or group of atoms is substituted by a nucleophile

39
Q

What is a parent ion?

A

a molecular ion produced during electron bombardment in mass spectrometry. In a mass spectrum the peak with the largest m/z value represents the parent ion and therefore the molecular mass of the molecule

40
Q

What does the Pauli Exclusion Principle state?

A

states that no two electrons in the one atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers - as a consequence, no orbital can hold more than two electrons and the two electrons must have opposite spins

41
Q

What is Planck’s constant?

A

the physical constant that is the quantum of action in quantum mechanics ( h = 6.63 × 10 to -34 J s)

42
Q

What is a racemic mixture?

A

a racemic mixture contains equal concentrations of both optical isomers. Racemic mixtures have no effect on plane polarised light

43
Q

What is the rate determining step?

A

the slowest step in a reaction mechanism that governs the overall rate

44
Q

What is meant by Sn1?

A

nucleophilic substitution, 1st order. Tertiary halogenoalkanes are likely to take part in S N1 reactions, although the kinetics of these reactions can only be determined through experimental results and not by the structure alone

45
Q

What is meant by Sn2?

A

nucleophilic substitution, 2nd order. Primary halogenoalkanes are likely to take part in S N2 reactions, although the kinetics of these reactions can only be determined through experimental results and not by the structure alone

46
Q

What is the Second law of thermodynamics?

A

the total entropy of a reaction system and its surroundings always increases for a spontaneous change

47
Q

What is the spectrochemical series?

A

a list of ligands according to how strongly they split d orbitals in a transition metal complex. From largest to smallest splitting ability CN - > NO2- > NH3 > H2O > OH- > F- > Cl- > Br- > I-

48
Q

What is the standard conditions?

A

298 K (25°C) and one atmosphere pressure

49
Q

What is a trans molecule?

A

trans molecules have two of the same atom or group on opposite sides of a carbon-to-carbon double bond

50
Q

What is velocity?

A

the physical vector quantity which needs both magnitude and direction to define it, usually measured in m s -1 (or m/s)

51
Q

What is wavelength?

A

the distance between adjacent crests (or troughs) and is usually measured in metres or nanometres (1 nm = 10 -9 m)

adv higher chem (1 decks)

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