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Definitions Flashcards

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Conversation Starters flashcards
1
Q

Leads to desire to form relationships of breadth and depth

- It complements our need to be different

A

Need to Belong

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2
Q

Being excluded from a relationship or from membership in a group

A

Ostracism

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3
Q

People who are divorced, widowed, or have never married

A

Singles

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4
Q

Theory based predictions about the relationship between two or more variables

A

Hypothesis

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5
Q

Specifies how a concept should be measured and the process through which it will be measured

A

Operational Definitions

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6
Q

Makes use of data collected for purposes other than of the archival researcher

A

Archival Research

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7
Q

The degree to which different raters’ findings agree with another

A

Inter-Rater Reliability

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8
Q

The degree to which two variables are associated

A

Correlation

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9
Q

Designs that follow the same participants over a period of time

A

Longitudinal Research

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10
Q

Represents the certainty with which the changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable(s) in an experiment

A

Internal Validity

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11
Q

A method of assigning participants in an experiment in such a way as to ensure that every participant has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions of the experiment

A

Random Assignment

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12
Q

The extent to which an experiment resembles the real world

A

Mundane Realism

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13
Q

The extent to which participants are fully involved and absorbed by the experiment and interpret the manipulations in the way the researcher intended

A

Experimental Realism

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14
Q

A technique that statistically analyzes and summarizes results from many individual studies

A

Meta Analysis

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15
Q

Considering the male experience as the norm, while the female experience is ignored or considered abnormal

A

Androcentric Bias

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16
Q

Mental representations of categories, such as human faces, around their modal features

A

Prototypes

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17
Q

An organism’s desire to pass its genes on to the next generation through reproduction or ensuring the genetic survival of kin

A

Inclusive Fitness

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18
Q

Refers to the different reproductive goals of men and women

A

Parental Investment

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19
Q

An organism’s ability to resist parasitic infections

- It is conveyed by facial symmetry

A

Heterozygosity

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20
Q

A process by which prototypicality leads to liking and liking leads to perceptions of familiarity

A

“Warm Glow” Heuristic

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21
Q

The theoretical claim that sex differences in physical attractiveness are best understood as stemming from the division of labor in industrialized societities

A

Sociocultural View

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22
Q

Our proclivity to attribute a host of other positive qualities to physically attractive people

A

“What is Beautiful is Good” Stereotype

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23
Q

A perceptual phenomenon that explains why our perceptions of an average looking person can be adversely affected if we had prior exposure to an extremely attractive person

A

Contrast Effects

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24
Q

A theoretical statement that explains why partners in established relationships are generally well matched in terms of their physical attractiveness

A

Matching Hypothesis

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25
Q

Liking of things or people who are associated with ourselves in superficial ways

A

Implicit Egotism

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26
Q

A form of associative learning in which an unconditioned stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus
- After repeated presentations, the two stimuli become associated such that now the initially neutral stimulus (now called a conditioned stimulus) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

A

Classical Conditioning

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27
Q

A form of learning in which a behavior becomes associated with its consequences

A

Operant Conditioning

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28
Q

A theoretical model according to which undifferentiated physiological arousal whose source is ambiguous is attributed to the presence of an attractive person, which results in liking or attraction to that person

A

Misattribution of Arousal

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29
Q

People’s desire for feedback that is consistent with their self conceptions, even when they are negative

A

Self Verification

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30
Q

A theory that explains attraction in terms of people’s tendency to form balanced triads formed by a person P, the other O and an issue X and their respective relationships

A

Balance Theory

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31
Q

A theoretical idea that holds that people are attracted to others with similar attitudes

A

Similarity Attraction Hypothesis

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32
Q

A characteristic of relationships in which partners complement each other in terms of their needs, personalities, performance and expertise

A

Complementarity

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33
Q

A process through which people come to like stimuli to which they had been exposed previously

A

Mere Exposure

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34
Q

Behaviors aimed at creating a favorable yet plausible image of the self, with the goal of eliciting liking from another
- Sometimes also called impression management

A

Self Presentation

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35
Q

Constraint upon our self presentations such as decorum, modesty, and behavioral matching

A

Self Presentation Norms

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36
Q

The development of self disclosure in terms of number of topics covered (breadth) and the personal significance of the topics (depth)

A

Social Penetration Theory

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37
Q

A strategy in which people tend to match the other’s self disclosure in terms of intimacy and valence

A

Self Disclosure Reciprocity

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38
Q

Aspect of self disclosure through which people convey factual information

A

Descriptive Intimacy

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39
Q

Aspect of self disclosure through which people express strong emotions and judgement

A

Evaluative Intimacy

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40
Q

Sticking with the same topic in response to another self disclosure

A

Topic Reciprocity

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41
Q

A disposition that compels some people to adjust their behavior to the situation in order to manage their public image

A

Self Monitoring

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42
Q

A disposition to focus our attention inward, toward our feelings, goals and values

A

Self Consciousness

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43
Q

A disposition toward reflecting on whether our behavior corresponds to how we would like to act

A

Private Self Consciousness

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44
Q

A disposition toward reflecting on how we might appear in the eyes of others

A

Public Self Consciousness

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45
Q

A set of theories proposing that all human interactions can be construed in terms of exchanges of mutually rewarding activities

A

Social Exchange Theories

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46
Q

In social exchange theory, anything a person values

A

Reward

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47
Q

A theory that proposes that individuals in relationships seek a ratio of inputs to outcomes that is equal to their partners

A

Equity Theory

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48
Q

This model predicts that satisfaction and stability of a relationship are determined by the way people compare their relationship to two standards
I. A comparison level
II. A comparison level of the alternatives

A

Thibaut and Kelley Model

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49
Q

Standard of comparison that summarizes what people expect to get from a relationship

A

Comparison Level

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50
Q

Standard of comparison between current relationship outcomes and outcomes from a possible alternative relationship

A

Comparison Level for Alternatives

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51
Q

Suggests that attention and dependence are influenced by the level of investment one has in a relationship

A

Investment Model

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52
Q

Type of relationship in which benefits are given according to needs, without consideration of past or future benefits

A

Communal Relationship

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53
Q

Type of relationship in which benefits are given either in exchange for past benefits or with the expectation of future benefits

A

Exchange Relationship

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54
Q

A passionate love style, often caused by a strong attraction to the physical attributes of the other

A

Eros

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55
Q

A companionate love style, based on friendship and commonly shared interests

A

Storge

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56
Q

Playful love, mostly for the short term

A

Ludus

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57
Q

Secondary love style, resultant from mixing elements of Eros and Ludus
- Characterized by obsessive preoccupation and intense jealousy

A

Mania

58
Q

Practical love

- Resulting from mixing storge and ludus

A

Pragma

59
Q

Secondary love style, derived from Eros and Storge

- Characterized by giving, selflessness and altruism

A

Agape

60
Q

A model of love according to which love consists of three basic ingredients
I. Intimacy
II. Passion
III. Decision/Commitment

A

Triangular Theory of Love

61
Q

A form of love characterized by an intense longing for a complete union with the other

A

Passionate Love

62
Q

The attraction we feel toward those with whom our lives are intertwined

A

Companionate Love

63
Q

A shared system for encoding, storing and retrieving information that is greater than the individual memories

A

Transactive Memory

64
Q

Social emotion resulting from moral transgressions that involve harming others

A

Guilt

65
Q

Social emotion resulting from having done something dishonorable, improper, or ridiculous

A

Shame

66
Q

Mental representation that children form of their caregivers as sources of comfort and a secure place from which to explore the world

  • This child is easily comforted by caregivers
  • In terms of the self other model of attachment, these people have positive mental models of self and others
  • This person is comfortable being close to and depending on others
A

Secure Attachment

67
Q

Mental model of caregivers as unreliable and unable to provide comfort in times of distress
- This child remains distressed even when caregivers attempt to comfort her

A

Anxious Attachment

68
Q

Mental model of caregiver is that of someone who doesn’t provide comfort at all
- This child is not distressed when left alone and ignores the presence of caregivers

A

Avoidant Attachment

69
Q

Negative mental model of self and positive mental model of others
- This person desires emotional intimacy but is anxious about being loved and valued

A

Preoccupied Attachment

70
Q

Positive mental model of self and negative mental model of others
- This person prefers independence and being self sufficient more than being in close relationships

A

Dismissing Attachment

71
Q

Negative mental models of self and others

- This person is uncomfortable being close to others, distrusts others, and fears rejection and being hurt by others

A

Fearful Attachment

72
Q

View of attachment style as being relatively stable across a person’s lifespan

A

Prototype Model of Attachment

73
Q

Perspectives of attachment as flexible, changeable, and susceptible to environmental modification

A

Revisionist Model of Attachment

74
Q

The idea that general attachment patterns remain stable over time while there are relationship specific fluctuations

A

Stable Instability

75
Q

The internal representation of the “secure base” or mental representations related to security and secure attachment

A

Secure Base Schema

76
Q

Two volume report of pioneering research on human sexuality published by Alfred Kinsey and colleagues

A

Kinsey Report

77
Q

The extent to which sexual motivation is influenced by cultural, social, and situational factors

A

Erotic Plasticity

78
Q

Rejecting unwelcome sexual advances by ignoring or avoiding them

A

Avoiding Proceptivity

79
Q

Saying no to sex by postponing it until some condition is met

A

Incomplete Rejection

80
Q

Sexual involvement with someone other than an established mate

A

Extradyadic Relationships

81
Q

Moving from one monogamous relationship to the next

A

Serial Monogamy

82
Q

A relationship in which partners agree to extradyadic romantic and sexual relationships

A

Consensual Non-Monogamy

83
Q

Couples agreeing to engage in extradyadic romantic and sexual relationships

A

Polyamory

84
Q

Individual differences in the tendency to have casual, uncommitted sexual relationships

A

Sociosexual Orientation

85
Q

Lacking sexual attraction to any gender

A

Asexuality

86
Q

A dating practice involving a casual, usually one time only sexual encounter

A

Hookups

87
Q

A dating practice involving commitment free sex with friends and acquaintences

A

Friends with Benefits

88
Q

A theoretical position regarding sexual orientation that emphasizes the role of such biological factors as genes, hormones, and neuroanatomy

A

Biological Essentialism

89
Q

Theoretical model according to which attachment behavior and sexual behavior are controlled by separated, yet interacting, brain structures

A

Biobehavioral Model of Sex and Love

90
Q

A neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of the attachment system

A

Oxytocin

91
Q

The extent to which topics introduced to a conversation are related
- Low cohesion is characterized by covering a lot of topics for a short time

A

Topical Cohesion

92
Q

Establishing and maintaining dominance in a conversation by way of interruptions

A

Reasserting Dominance

93
Q

Made for the purpose of clarification or to express agreement

A

Confirmation Interruptions

94
Q

Express disagreement

A

Rejection Interruptions

95
Q

Include those that seek to minimize the importance of the speaker’s statements and those made with the goal of changing the subject

A

Disconfirmation Interruptions

96
Q

Phrases such as “I guess”, “sort of”, “I mean”, and “you know” to express uncertainty

A

Qualifiers

97
Q

A variety of verbal and non verbal responses to another’s utterances, such as sentence completion and nodding

A

Back Channeling

98
Q

The idea that men’s and women’s communication patterns are so different that they resemble distinct cultures

A

Different Cultures Hypothesis

99
Q

A shared system for encoding, storing, and retrieving information

A

Transactive Memory

100
Q

Beliefs that are more positive than the reality warrants

A

Positive Illusions

101
Q

The processes through which people try to control the impression other people form about them

A

Self Presentation

102
Q

The processes through which people reveal more about themselves to others

A

Self Disclosure

103
Q

A form of jealousy that occurs when one suspects a betrayl

- It is characterized by feelings of anxiety and insecurity

A

Suspicious Jealousy

104
Q

A form of jealousy that occurs when betrayl is a certainty

- It is characterized by feelings of anxiety and insecurity

A

Fait accompli Jealousy

105
Q

Attention from others that sustains part of our self concept

A

Formative Attention

106
Q

A theoretical model that examines how commitment, insecurity, and arousability interact to predict the occurrence and intensity of jealousy at three levels
I. The individual
II. The relationship
III. The situation

A

Transactional Model of Jealousy

107
Q

The degree of involvement a person has in a relationship

A

Commitment

108
Q

The perceived level of commitment of one’s partner

A

Insecurity

109
Q

A set of responses to relationship threats that can take the form of mate concealment, vigilance, and monopolization of time

A

Mate Guarding

110
Q

Sexual intercourse with the primary partner

A

In Pair Copulation (IPC)

111
Q

A situation in which an individual is violent and controlling, while the partner is neither

A

Intimate Terrorism

112
Q

A situation in which the individual is violent but not controlling, while the partner is both violent and controlling

A

Violent Resistance

113
Q

A situation in which the individual is violent, but neither the individual nor the partner is controlling

A

Situational Couple Violence

114
Q

Situation in which both partners are violent and controlling

A

Mutual Violent Control

115
Q

A condition in which the range of behaviors deemed appropriate in a given situation is narrowed

A

Myopia

116
Q

Result from distressing events that have a clear cut beginning and end

A

Acute Stress

117
Q

Long term and has no clear onset or termination

A

Chronic Stress

118
Q

A general concern for:
I. Having an impact on others
II. Arousing strong emotions in others
III. Maintaining a reputation and a sense of prestige

A

Need For Power

119
Q

Attempts to extort sexual cooperation by means of threats of job related consequences

A

Quid Pro Quo Harassment

120
Q

Pervasive sex related verbal conduct that is unwelcome or offensive

A

Hostile Environment Harassment

121
Q

Theoretical position that proposes that sexual harassment of women at work is the result of a spillover of gender based expectations for behavior into the workplace

A

Sex Role Spillover

122
Q

Nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration obtained by force, by threat of bodily harm, or when the victim is incapable of giving consent

A

Rape

123
Q

Theoretical position according to which conflict is essential for relationship growth

A

Transformational View of Conflicts

124
Q

Results in positive change and growth in a relationship

A

Constructive Conflict

125
Q

Results in termination of relationship

A

Destructive Conflict

126
Q

The interpersonal process that occurs whenever the actions of one person interfere with the action of another

A

Conflict

127
Q

A conflict situation where one partner is willing to engage emotionally and verbally while the other prefers to avoid engagement

A

Demand/Withdrawal Pattern of Conflict

128
Q

Suggests that conflicts are preceded by a chain of events starting with causal attributions, continue with responsibility judgements, and result in assignment of blame

A

Entailment Model

129
Q

A condition that leads to relationship dissolution because the partners were ill matched from the beginning

A

Preexisting Doom

130
Q

A condition that leads to dissolution because the partners seem unable to work things out

A

Mechanical Failure

131
Q

A condition that leads to dissolution because one partner betrays the other by breaking the cardinal rules of the relationship

A

Sudden Death

132
Q

The forgiving of transgressions over time

- It requires the transformation of relationship destructive motivation into strategies that promote the relationship

A

Forgiveness

133
Q

A state that reduces personal accountability and increases compliance with local norms

A

Depersonalization

134
Q

An increasingly popular and accepted way for singles to meet others

A

Online Dating

135
Q

A period that lasted from the late 1700s to the mid 1800s during which marriage was a formal institution, strictly regulated by law and religion and designed around practicality

A

Institutional Era of Marriage

136
Q

A period that began in the mid 19th century during which ties of affection and companionship became an increasingly more important foundation for marriage

A

Companionate Era of Marriage

137
Q

A period that began in the mid 1960s
- It emphasizes self discovery and self expression and puts marriage in charge of fulfilling needs related to self esteem and personal growth

A

Self Expressive Era of Marriage

138
Q

A set of laws first enacted in the 1700s that made it illegal for members of different races to intermarry
- The US supreme court ruled them to be unconstitutional in 1967

A

Anti - Miscegenation Laws

139
Q

A 1996 federal law that made marriage the inclusive domain of men and women and left recognition of same sex marriage up to individual states
- The US supreme court declared key provisions of the law unconstitutional in 2015

A

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

140
Q

Prejudice and discrimination against people who are single

A

Singlism

Intimate Relationships (1 decks)

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