Definitions Flashcards
1
Q
Leads to desire to form relationships of breadth and depth
- It complements our need to be different
A
Need to Belong
2
Q
Being excluded from a relationship or from membership in a group
A
Ostracism
3
Q
People who are divorced, widowed, or have never married
A
Singles
4
Q
Theory based predictions about the relationship between two or more variables
A
Hypothesis
5
Q
Specifies how a concept should be measured and the process through which it will be measured
A
Operational Definitions
6
Q
Makes use of data collected for purposes other than of the archival researcher
A
Archival Research
7
Q
The degree to which different raters’ findings agree with another
A
Inter-Rater Reliability
8
Q
The degree to which two variables are associated
A
Correlation
9
Q
Designs that follow the same participants over a period of time
A
Longitudinal Research
10
Q
Represents the certainty with which the changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable(s) in an experiment
A
Internal Validity
11
Q
A method of assigning participants in an experiment in such a way as to ensure that every participant has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions of the experiment
A
Random Assignment
12
Q
The extent to which an experiment resembles the real world
A
Mundane Realism
13
Q
The extent to which participants are fully involved and absorbed by the experiment and interpret the manipulations in the way the researcher intended
A
Experimental Realism
14
Q
A technique that statistically analyzes and summarizes results from many individual studies
A
Meta Analysis
15
Q
Considering the male experience as the norm, while the female experience is ignored or considered abnormal
A
Androcentric Bias
16
Q
Mental representations of categories, such as human faces, around their modal features
A
Prototypes
17
Q
An organism’s desire to pass its genes on to the next generation through reproduction or ensuring the genetic survival of kin
A
Inclusive Fitness
18
Q
Refers to the different reproductive goals of men and women
A
Parental Investment
19
Q
An organism’s ability to resist parasitic infections
- It is conveyed by facial symmetry
A
Heterozygosity
20
Q
A process by which prototypicality leads to liking and liking leads to perceptions of familiarity
A
“Warm Glow” Heuristic
21
Q
The theoretical claim that sex differences in physical attractiveness are best understood as stemming from the division of labor in industrialized societities
A
Sociocultural View
22
Q
Our proclivity to attribute a host of other positive qualities to physically attractive people
A
“What is Beautiful is Good” Stereotype
23
Q
A perceptual phenomenon that explains why our perceptions of an average looking person can be adversely affected if we had prior exposure to an extremely attractive person
A
Contrast Effects
24
Q
A theoretical statement that explains why partners in established relationships are generally well matched in terms of their physical attractiveness
A
Matching Hypothesis
25
Liking of things or people who are associated with ourselves in superficial ways
Implicit Egotism
26
A form of associative learning in which an unconditioned stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus
- After repeated presentations, the two stimuli become associated such that now the initially neutral stimulus (now called a conditioned stimulus) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
27
A form of learning in which a behavior becomes associated with its consequences
Operant Conditioning
28
A theoretical model according to which undifferentiated physiological arousal whose source is ambiguous is attributed to the presence of an attractive person, which results in liking or attraction to that person
Misattribution of Arousal
29
People's desire for feedback that is consistent with their self conceptions, even when they are negative
Self Verification
30
A theory that explains attraction in terms of people's tendency to form balanced triads formed by a person P, the other O and an issue X and their respective relationships
Balance Theory
31
A theoretical idea that holds that people are attracted to others with similar attitudes
Similarity Attraction Hypothesis
32
A characteristic of relationships in which partners complement each other in terms of their needs, personalities, performance and expertise
Complementarity
33
A process through which people come to like stimuli to which they had been exposed previously
Mere Exposure
34
Behaviors aimed at creating a favorable yet plausible image of the self, with the goal of eliciting liking from another
- Sometimes also called impression management
Self Presentation
35
Constraint upon our self presentations such as decorum, modesty, and behavioral matching
Self Presentation Norms
36
The development of self disclosure in terms of number of topics covered (breadth) and the personal significance of the topics (depth)
Social Penetration Theory
37
A strategy in which people tend to match the other's self disclosure in terms of intimacy and valence
Self Disclosure Reciprocity
38
Aspect of self disclosure through which people convey factual information
Descriptive Intimacy
39
Aspect of self disclosure through which people express strong emotions and judgement
Evaluative Intimacy
40
Sticking with the same topic in response to another self disclosure
Topic Reciprocity
41
A disposition that compels some people to adjust their behavior to the situation in order to manage their public image
Self Monitoring
42
A disposition to focus our attention inward, toward our feelings, goals and values
Self Consciousness
43
A disposition toward reflecting on whether our behavior corresponds to how we would like to act
Private Self Consciousness
44
A disposition toward reflecting on how we might appear in the eyes of others
Public Self Consciousness
45
A set of theories proposing that all human interactions can be construed in terms of exchanges of mutually rewarding activities
Social Exchange Theories
46
In social exchange theory, anything a person values
Reward
47
A theory that proposes that individuals in relationships seek a ratio of inputs to outcomes that is equal to their partners
Equity Theory
48
This model predicts that satisfaction and stability of a relationship are determined by the way people compare their relationship to two standards
I. A comparison level
II. A comparison level of the alternatives
Thibaut and Kelley Model
49
Standard of comparison that summarizes what people expect to get from a relationship
Comparison Level
50
Standard of comparison between current relationship outcomes and outcomes from a possible alternative relationship
Comparison Level for Alternatives
51
Suggests that attention and dependence are influenced by the level of investment one has in a relationship
Investment Model
52
Type of relationship in which benefits are given according to needs, without consideration of past or future benefits
Communal Relationship
53
Type of relationship in which benefits are given either in exchange for past benefits or with the expectation of future benefits
Exchange Relationship
54
A passionate love style, often caused by a strong attraction to the physical attributes of the other
Eros
55
A companionate love style, based on friendship and commonly shared interests
Storge
56
Playful love, mostly for the short term
Ludus
57
Secondary love style, resultant from mixing elements of Eros and Ludus
- Characterized by obsessive preoccupation and intense jealousy
Mania
58
Practical love
| - Resulting from mixing storge and ludus
Pragma
59
Secondary love style, derived from Eros and Storge
| - Characterized by giving, selflessness and altruism
Agape
60
A model of love according to which love consists of three basic ingredients
I. Intimacy
II. Passion
III. Decision/Commitment
Triangular Theory of Love
61
A form of love characterized by an intense longing for a complete union with the other
Passionate Love
62
The attraction we feel toward those with whom our lives are intertwined
Companionate Love
63
A shared system for encoding, storing and retrieving information that is greater than the individual memories
Transactive Memory
64
Social emotion resulting from moral transgressions that involve harming others
Guilt
65
Social emotion resulting from having done something dishonorable, improper, or ridiculous
Shame
66
Mental representation that children form of their caregivers as sources of comfort and a secure place from which to explore the world
- This child is easily comforted by caregivers
- In terms of the self other model of attachment, these people have positive mental models of self and others
- This person is comfortable being close to and depending on others
Secure Attachment
67
Mental model of caregivers as unreliable and unable to provide comfort in times of distress
- This child remains distressed even when caregivers attempt to comfort her
Anxious Attachment
68
Mental model of caregiver is that of someone who doesn't provide comfort at all
- This child is not distressed when left alone and ignores the presence of caregivers
Avoidant Attachment
69
Negative mental model of self and positive mental model of others
- This person desires emotional intimacy but is anxious about being loved and valued
Preoccupied Attachment
70
Positive mental model of self and negative mental model of others
- This person prefers independence and being self sufficient more than being in close relationships
Dismissing Attachment
71
Negative mental models of self and others
| - This person is uncomfortable being close to others, distrusts others, and fears rejection and being hurt by others
Fearful Attachment
72
View of attachment style as being relatively stable across a person's lifespan
Prototype Model of Attachment
73
Perspectives of attachment as flexible, changeable, and susceptible to environmental modification
Revisionist Model of Attachment
74
The idea that general attachment patterns remain stable over time while there are relationship specific fluctuations
Stable Instability
75
The internal representation of the "secure base" or mental representations related to security and secure attachment
Secure Base Schema
76
Two volume report of pioneering research on human sexuality published by Alfred Kinsey and colleagues
Kinsey Report
77
The extent to which sexual motivation is influenced by cultural, social, and situational factors
Erotic Plasticity
78
Rejecting unwelcome sexual advances by ignoring or avoiding them
Avoiding Proceptivity
79
Saying no to sex by postponing it until some condition is met
Incomplete Rejection
80
Sexual involvement with someone other than an established mate
Extradyadic Relationships
81
Moving from one monogamous relationship to the next
Serial Monogamy
82
A relationship in which partners agree to extradyadic romantic and sexual relationships
Consensual Non-Monogamy
83
Couples agreeing to engage in extradyadic romantic and sexual relationships
Polyamory
84
Individual differences in the tendency to have casual, uncommitted sexual relationships
Sociosexual Orientation
85
Lacking sexual attraction to any gender
Asexuality
86
A dating practice involving a casual, usually one time only sexual encounter
Hookups
87
A dating practice involving commitment free sex with friends and acquaintences
Friends with Benefits
88
A theoretical position regarding sexual orientation that emphasizes the role of such biological factors as genes, hormones, and neuroanatomy
Biological Essentialism
89
Theoretical model according to which attachment behavior and sexual behavior are controlled by separated, yet interacting, brain structures
Biobehavioral Model of Sex and Love
90
A neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of the attachment system
Oxytocin
91
The extent to which topics introduced to a conversation are related
- Low cohesion is characterized by covering a lot of topics for a short time
Topical Cohesion
92
Establishing and maintaining dominance in a conversation by way of interruptions
Reasserting Dominance
93
Made for the purpose of clarification or to express agreement
Confirmation Interruptions
94
Express disagreement
Rejection Interruptions
95
Include those that seek to minimize the importance of the speaker's statements and those made with the goal of changing the subject
Disconfirmation Interruptions
96
Phrases such as "I guess", "sort of", "I mean", and "you know" to express uncertainty
Qualifiers
97
A variety of verbal and non verbal responses to another's utterances, such as sentence completion and nodding
Back Channeling
98
The idea that men's and women's communication patterns are so different that they resemble distinct cultures
Different Cultures Hypothesis
99
A shared system for encoding, storing, and retrieving information
Transactive Memory
100
Beliefs that are more positive than the reality warrants
Positive Illusions
101
The processes through which people try to control the impression other people form about them
Self Presentation
102
The processes through which people reveal more about themselves to others
Self Disclosure
103
A form of jealousy that occurs when one suspects a betrayl
| - It is characterized by feelings of anxiety and insecurity
Suspicious Jealousy
104
A form of jealousy that occurs when betrayl is a certainty
| - It is characterized by feelings of anxiety and insecurity
Fait accompli Jealousy
105
Attention from others that sustains part of our self concept
Formative Attention
106
A theoretical model that examines how commitment, insecurity, and arousability interact to predict the occurrence and intensity of jealousy at three levels
I. The individual
II. The relationship
III. The situation
Transactional Model of Jealousy
107
The degree of involvement a person has in a relationship
Commitment
108
The perceived level of commitment of one's partner
Insecurity
109
A set of responses to relationship threats that can take the form of mate concealment, vigilance, and monopolization of time
Mate Guarding
110
Sexual intercourse with the primary partner
In Pair Copulation (IPC)
111
A situation in which an individual is violent and controlling, while the partner is neither
Intimate Terrorism
112
A situation in which the individual is violent but not controlling, while the partner is both violent and controlling
Violent Resistance
113
A situation in which the individual is violent, but neither the individual nor the partner is controlling
Situational Couple Violence
114
Situation in which both partners are violent and controlling
Mutual Violent Control
115
A condition in which the range of behaviors deemed appropriate in a given situation is narrowed
Myopia
116
Result from distressing events that have a clear cut beginning and end
Acute Stress
117
Long term and has no clear onset or termination
Chronic Stress
118
A general concern for:
I. Having an impact on others
II. Arousing strong emotions in others
III. Maintaining a reputation and a sense of prestige
Need For Power
119
Attempts to extort sexual cooperation by means of threats of job related consequences
Quid Pro Quo Harassment
120
Pervasive sex related verbal conduct that is unwelcome or offensive
Hostile Environment Harassment
121
Theoretical position that proposes that sexual harassment of women at work is the result of a spillover of gender based expectations for behavior into the workplace
Sex Role Spillover
122
Nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration obtained by force, by threat of bodily harm, or when the victim is incapable of giving consent
Rape
123
Theoretical position according to which conflict is essential for relationship growth
Transformational View of Conflicts
124
Results in positive change and growth in a relationship
Constructive Conflict
125
Results in termination of relationship
Destructive Conflict
126
The interpersonal process that occurs whenever the actions of one person interfere with the action of another
Conflict
127
A conflict situation where one partner is willing to engage emotionally and verbally while the other prefers to avoid engagement
Demand/Withdrawal Pattern of Conflict
128
Suggests that conflicts are preceded by a chain of events starting with causal attributions, continue with responsibility judgements, and result in assignment of blame
Entailment Model
129
A condition that leads to relationship dissolution because the partners were ill matched from the beginning
Preexisting Doom
130
A condition that leads to dissolution because the partners seem unable to work things out
Mechanical Failure
131
A condition that leads to dissolution because one partner betrays the other by breaking the cardinal rules of the relationship
Sudden Death
132
The forgiving of transgressions over time
| - It requires the transformation of relationship destructive motivation into strategies that promote the relationship
Forgiveness
133
A state that reduces personal accountability and increases compliance with local norms
Depersonalization
134
An increasingly popular and accepted way for singles to meet others
Online Dating
135
A period that lasted from the late 1700s to the mid 1800s during which marriage was a formal institution, strictly regulated by law and religion and designed around practicality
Institutional Era of Marriage
136
A period that began in the mid 19th century during which ties of affection and companionship became an increasingly more important foundation for marriage
Companionate Era of Marriage
137
A period that began in the mid 1960s
- It emphasizes self discovery and self expression and puts marriage in charge of fulfilling needs related to self esteem and personal growth
Self Expressive Era of Marriage
138
A set of laws first enacted in the 1700s that made it illegal for members of different races to intermarry
- The US supreme court ruled them to be unconstitutional in 1967
Anti - Miscegenation Laws
139
A 1996 federal law that made marriage the inclusive domain of men and women and left recognition of same sex marriage up to individual states
- The US supreme court declared key provisions of the law unconstitutional in 2015
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
140
Prejudice and discrimination against people who are single
Singlism
