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1005-2 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolism

A

Building things up
= the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking things down

= the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

= the chemical processes that occur within living organisms in order to maintain life

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4
Q

Hypoxia

A

= lack of oxygen in the tissues

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

= a chemical reaction that transfers energy to cells

  • the waste products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water
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6
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

= metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates

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7
Q

Glycolysis

A

= the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

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8
Q

enzyme

A

= a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

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9
Q

Transporter

A

= are specialised membrane spanning proteins that assist in the movement of ions, peptides, small molecules, lipids and macromolecules across a biological membrane

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10
Q

Substrate

A

= the substance on which an enzyme acts

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11
Q

Mutation

A

= the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant from that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion or rearrangements of larger sections of genes or chromosomes

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12
Q

Malabsorption

A

= imperfect absorption of food material by the small intestine

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13
Q

Maldigestion

A

= imperfect or impaired digestion

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14
Q

Malnutrition

A

= lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right thinks or being unable to use the food that one does eat

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15
Q

Hypoxaemia

A

= an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood

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16
Q

Hypercapnia

A

= a buildup of carbon in the blood stream

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17
Q

Hypoventilation

A

= breathing at an abnormally slow rate, resulting in an increase amount of CO2 in the blood

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18
Q

Hyperventilation

A

= a condition where you start to breathe really fast

  • causing a rapid reduction of CO2 in the body
  • narrowing of the blood vessels that supply the brain
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19
Q

Haemoptysis

A

= coughing up blood

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20
Q

Cyanosis

A

= bluish discolouration of the skin due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygen of the blood

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21
Q

Acute respiratory failure

A

= occurs when fluid builds up in the air sacs in the lungs

meaning the lungs cant release oxygen into the blood

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22
Q

Atelectasis

A

= partial collapse or incomplete inflation of the lung

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23
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

= abnormal widening of the bronchi or their branches, causing a risk of infection

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24
Q

pneumothorax

A

= the presence of air gas in the cavity between the lungs and chest wall, causing a collapse of the lungs

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25
Q

Pleural effusion

A

= a buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest

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26
Q

Emphysema

A

= pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the wall (pleural space)

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27
Q

Dyspnoea

A

= difficult or laboured breathing

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28
Q

Anaemia

A

= a condition in which there is a deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood resulting in pallor and weariness

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29
Q

Aneurysm

A

= an excessive localised swelling of the wall of an artery

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30
Q

Arrhythmia

A

= a condition in which the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm

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31
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

= a disease of the arteries characterised by the deposition of fatty material on their inner walls

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32
Q

Brady cardia

A

= abnormally slow heart action

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33
Q

distole

A

= the phase of the heart beat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

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34
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

= chronic disease of the heart muscle

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35
Q

hypertension

A

= abnormally high blood pressure

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36
Q

Ischaemia

A

= an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscle

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37
Q

Regurgitation

A

= the action of bringing swallowed food up again into the mouth

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38
Q

Stenosis

A

= the abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body

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39
Q

Syncope

A

= temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure

40
Q

Tachycardia

A

= abnormally fast heart action

41
Q

Angina

A

= the condition marked as severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms and neck, owing to an inadequate blood supply to the heart

42
Q

Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anaemia

A

= anaemia that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production

43
Q

Microcytic-hypochromic anaemia:

A

= Type of anaemia in which the circulating RBCs are smaller than the usual size of RBC and have decreased red colour

44
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia

A

= too few healthy red blood cells due to little iron in the body

  • without enough iron RBC cant carry enough oxygen to body tissues
45
Q

Normocytic-normochromic anaemia

A

= form of anaemia in which the average size of the haemoglobin content of the RBC are within normal limits

46
Q

Haemolytic disease of the new-born

A

= blood problem in newborn babies

  • occurs when babies RBC break down at a fast rate
47
Q

Polycythaemia

A

= an abnormally increase concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cells numbers

48
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

= a condition in which you have a low platelet count

  • platelets help blood clot
49
Q

Hyper coagulability

A

= the tendency to have thrombosis as a result of certain inherited and or acquired molecular defects

50
Q

Leucocytosis

A

= an increase in the number of White blood cells in the blood, especially during an infection

51
Q

Granulocytosis

A

= the presence of an increased number of grnanlocytes in the peripheral blood

52
Q

Eosinophilia

A

= a condition of having increased number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood

  • white blood cells are essential component of the cellular immune system
53
Q

Basophilia

A

= a condition of having greater than 200 basophils in the venous blood

54
Q

monocytosis

A

= increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood

55
Q

Altered level of consciousness

A

= is any measure of arousal other than normal

56
Q

aphasia

A

= is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read and write

57
Q

Apraxia

A

= a neurological disorder characterised by the inability to perform learned movements on command

58
Q

Ataxia

A

= is a degenerative disease of the nervous system

59
Q

Concussion

A

= a mild traumatic brain injury

  • it can occur after an impact to your head or after a whiplash type injury that causes the head and brain to shake quickly back and forth
  • results in an altered mental state
60
Q

contusion

A

= a region of injured tissues or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured: a bruise

61
Q

Dyskinesia

A

= abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement

62
Q

Dysphagia

A

= difficult in swallowing

63
Q

Hemiparesis

A

= a weakness of one entire side of the body

64
Q

Hemiplegia

A

= paralysis of one side of the body

65
Q

Intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

= is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue

66
Q

Neuropathy

A

= is when nerve damage leads to pain, weakness, numbers or tingling in one or more parts of the body

67
Q

Paraplegia

A

= impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities

68
Q

Paraesthesia

A

= an abnormal sensation typically tingling or pricking caused chiefly by pressure on or damage to peripheral nerves

69
Q

Acromegaly

A

= abnormal growth of the hands, feet and face caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

70
Q

Goiter

A

= abnormal enlargement of the butterfly-shape gland below thee Adams apply (thyroid)

71
Q

hyperglycaemia

A

= an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus

72
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

= deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream

73
Q

Hormone

A

= chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body

74
Q

Menopause

A

= the ceasing of menstrutation

75
Q

obesity

A

= the state of being grossly fat or overweight

76
Q

Thyroiditis

A

= inflammation of the thyroid, the butterfly shaped gland in the neck

77
Q

amenorrhae

A

= the absence of monthly menstrual periods

78
Q

Gland

A

= an organ in the human body which secretes particular chemical substances forr use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings

79
Q

Metabolic syndrrome

A

= a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heat disease, stroke and diabetes

80
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A

= a hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edge

81
Q

Hirsutism

A

= unwanted male pattern hair growth on a woman’s face, chest and back

82
Q

Gynaecomastic

A

= swollen male breast tissue caused by a hormone imbalance

  • reduced male hormones (testosterone) or increased female hormones (oestrogen)
83
Q

Cystitis

A

= infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder or urethra

84
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

= swelling of the kidney due to backup of urine

85
Q

Hydroureter

A

= dilation of the ureter and is most often caused by obstruction of urine outflow due to blockage of the ureter by calculi, chronic inflammation, luminal or intramural neoplastic or accidental ligation during surgery

86
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

= an inherited disorder in which clusters of cysts develop primarily within your kidneys, causing your kidneys to enlarge and lose function over time

87
Q

Renal agenesis

A

= a condition in which a new born is missing one or both kidneys

88
Q

vesicoureteral reflex

A

= is when the flow of urine goes the wrong way

89
Q

oliguria

A

= reduced urination

90
Q

Obesity

A

= the state of being grossly fat or overweight

91
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

= a cluster of biochemical and physiological abnormalities associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

92
Q

Gastric Bypass

A

= surgery that helps you lose weight by changing how your stomach and small intestine handle the food you ear

93
Q

Gastric Sleeve

A

= permanently removing a large portion of your stomach

  • capacity of stomach is reduced meaning it can only hold a small portion of food
94
Q

BMI

A

= body mass index is in persons weight in kilograms divided by the square of the body height

95
Q

ideal weight

A

= optimal weight associated with maximum life expectancy for the given height

96
Q

Adipose tissue

A

= commonly known as body fat

  • found all over the body and found under skin, packed around internal organs, between muscle, within bone marrow and in breast tissue

1005-2 (10 decks)

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