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HADPop II > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Census?

A

Simultaneous recording of demographic data to all persons in a defined area

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2
Q

What is the Crude birth rate?

A

Number of live births per 1000 population

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3
Q

What is the General birth rate?

A

Number of live births per 1000 fertile women between age of 15-44

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4
Q

What is the Total period fertility rate?

A

Average number of children born to a hypothetical women in her lifetime

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5
Q

What is an Incidence rate?

A

The number of new cases of the disease per 1000 people per year (or 1000 person–years)

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6
Q

What is Prevalence?

A

The amount of people who currently have the disease in a set population (with no time frame)

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7
Q

What is Incidence rate ratio?

A

Incidence rates of two separate populations, with varying exposure, can be compared to see if exposure causes certain diseases

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8
Q

What is a confounder?

A

Something that is associated with both the outcome and the exposure of interest, but is not on the causal pathway

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9
Q

What is Standardised mortality rate?

A

The number of observed deaths / Number of expected deaths x 100

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10
Q

What is Variation?

A

A difference between the ‘observed’ and the ‘actual’ value

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11
Q

What is the lower confidence interval?

A

value ÷ error factor

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12
Q

What is the upper confidence interval?

A

value x error factor

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13
Q

What is the P value?

A

States how likely the results in the study would have occurred by chance if the null hypothesis was true.

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14
Q

What is Bias?

A

Deviation of the results from the truth via certain processes

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15
Q

What is Selection bias?

A

Error due to systematic differences in the ways in which the two groups were collected

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16
Q

What is Information bias?

A

Error due to systematic misclassification of subjects in the group

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of Selection bias?

A

Allocation bias

Healthy worker effect

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of Information bias?

A

Recall bias

Publication bias

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19
Q

What is a Cohort study?

A

Recruiting disease free individuals and classifying them according to their exposure status. Followed up for extended periods, disease progress is monitored, and incidence rates are calculated

20
Q

What is Internal comparison?

A

Have sub-cohorts within your original group and then compare exposed and unexposed within the cohort. Uses IRR

21
Q

What is external comparison?

A

Have your exposed population compared against a reference population instead. Uses SMR

22
Q

What is the Healthy worker effect?

A

Employed individuals are more likely to be healthy than unemployed individuals as they work

23
Q

What is a Case control study?

A

Recruit disease-free (controls) individuals and diseased individuals (cases) and then exposure status is determined

24
Q

What is Double blinding?

A

Patient and doctor don’t which treatment they are on, removing any selection bias

25
Q

What is the Bradford Hill criteria?

A 
Strength of association
Specificity of association
Consistency of association
Temporal sequence
Dose response
Reversibility
Biological plausibility
Coherence of theory
Analogy
26
Q

What is Clinical equipoise?

A

Reasonable uncertainty into which drug is better for the patient, so not subjecting patients to known less effective treatment

27
Q

What is Ethical recruitment?

A

Recruitment for region where drug will take affect and no unethical exclusions from the trial

28
Q

What is Valid consent?

A

Participants given sufficient knowledge, cooling off period, chance to ask questions, and ability to withdraw from trial at any point

29
Q

What is Voluntariness?

A

No coercion or manipulation into entering the trial

30
Q

What is a Systematic review?

A

A compilation of primary studies

31
Q

What is a Meta analysis?

A

Provide quantitative synthesis of the primary studies used in the trial

32
Q

What is the Fixed effects model?

A

Assumes the studies used are homogenous and any variation between data comes from within-study variation

33
Q

What is the Random effects model?

A

Assumes the studies are heterogeneous and variation between data comes from within-study variation and between-study variation

34
Q

What is Publication bias?

A

Studies are only likely to be published if results are statistically significant or have a large sample size. Funnel plots can determine Publication bias

35
Q

How does a Forest plot display information?

A

Square size linked to weight in study
Diamond is overall measurement
Tips of diamond represent confidence intervals

36
Q

What does it mean if the null value lies within the 95% CI?

A

The result may be due to chance, we cannot reject the null hypothesis.

37
Q

What does it mean if the 95% CI excludes the null value?

A

The association is unlikely to be due just to chance.

38
Q

What is reverse causality?

A

Possible that the cause-effect relationship exists, but in the opposite direction

39
Q

What is the Henle Koch postulates?

A

Necessary - cause always precedes disease
Sufficient - cause alone leads to disease
Specific - cause absent in other diseae

40
Q

Outline steps in RCT

A

Allocate
Follow up
Assess
Compare

41
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

Psychological benefit from being cared for, or differently, and being on a new treatment.

42
Q

What are the types of outcome?

A

Patho physiological
Clinically defined
Patient focused

43
Q

What are the features of an ideal outcome?

A 
Appropriate/relevant 
Valid and attributable
Sensitive and specific
Reliable and robust
Simple and sustainable
Cheap and timely
44
Q

What is an explanatory trial?

A

An as treated analysis. The non compliers are excluded

45
Q

What is a pragmatic trial?

A

Intention to treat analysis. Better indication of drug in real life as non compliers are kept in

46
Q

What makes a clinical trial ethical?

A

Clinical equipoise (not knowing which treatment is better)
Scientifically robust
Ethical recruitment
Valid consent

HADPop II (1 decks)

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