Definitions Flashcards
Illness resulting in a deficiency within the immune system, with a number of manifestations, rather than a single disease
- Caused by HIV
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Stage in the Transtheoretical Model where subjects are actually changing their behavior
- The change has to have taken place over the past 6 months and should involve active efforts to change the behavior
Action
One of the most scientifically validated forms of alternative medicine
- Involves the use of fine needles inserted into specific points on the body
- Is theorized to keep the balance between yin and yang, thus allowing for the normal flow of qi throughout the body and restoring health to the mind and body
Acupuncture
Theoretical Model consists of 8 sequential phases that inform HIV prevention providers and researchers of a prescriptive method for adapting evidence based interventions
ADAPT - ITT
State in which the body relies on a substance for normal functioning
Addiction
Extent to which a patient’s behavior matches with his or her practitioner’s advice
Adherence
Cultures such as the culture in Italy that place a premium on the display of emotions
Affect Cultures
Sensory nerve fibers transmitting signals from the receptors to the spinal cord
Afferent Fibers
Characterized by one or more of the following as a result of alcohol use
- Failure to fulfill major role obligations
- Recurrent physically hazardous use
- Recurrent alcohol related legal problems
- Continued use despite persistent alcohol related social or interpersonal problems
Alcohol Abuse
Conventional or western medicine that treats disease by the use of remedies to produce effects different from those produced by the disease under treatment
Allopathy
The ability to achieve stability through change
Allostasis
Pain relief or the inability to feel pain
Analgesia
Statistical test that examines if group means vary from each other
- It uses an F ratio test
Analyses of Variance (ANOVAS)
Medical term for heart attacks or myocardial infractions (cardiac arrest)
- Chest pain is a common symptom
Angina Pectoris
Treatment for cardiovascular disease involving a procedure done to open a partially blocked blood vessel so that blood can flow through it more easily
Angioplasty
Disorder defined by the following criteria
- Refusing to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height
- Having an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though they are underweight
- Having a disturbed view of the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced
- Undue influence of body weight or shape on self evaluation
- Denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight
- Experiencing amenorrhea (the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles)
Anorexia Nervosa
Process in which a dying patient feels a lack of control and now grieves in expectation of his or her death
Anticipatory Relief
Specific immune cells that are earmarked for specific germs or antigens
- Also known as antibody generators
Antigens
Time taken to recognize one has symptoms after they first appear
Appraisal Delay
Way a potentially stressful event is interpreted
- A significant component of Lazarus’ psychological explanation of why we get stressed
Appraisals
Form of coping where you actively attempt to solve the problem or address the stressor
Approach Coping
Obtaining information according to a goal
Assessment
Disease caused by the accumulation of fatty substances in the blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
Cognitive process of assigning meaning to a symptom or behavior
Attribution
Form of coping where you focus more on emotions resulting from the stressor and ignore or avoid the stressful experience itself
- It involves mental or behavioral methods to deal with the feelings resulting from the stress
Avoidant Coping
Ancient system of medicine that focuses on the body, the sense organs, the mind, and the soul
- It originated in India approximately 4,000 years ago
Ayurveda
Stage of death in which patients try to restore their belief in a just world and may promise to be good or live life better in exchange for life
Bargaining
Weight loss surgery
- There are many forms such as lap band surgery and gastric bypass surgery
Bariatric Surgery
Certain events, situations, people, or locations that act as stimuli that result in behaviors conditioned to be associated with them
- When a smoker always smokes in his or her car, the car is a signal to the smoker’s body that nicotine is coming and makes smoking more likely
Behavioral Cueing
A patient’s attitude towards self care, specifically an active involvement in treatment
Behavioral Involvement
Interdisciplinary field of medicine that includes psychological, sociological, and biological views on health and illness
- Behavioral telehealth healthcare delivered over the telephone or through other technical means such as the internet
Behavioral Medicine
Finding meaning in a chronic illness and growing
Benefit Finding
Noncancerous tumor
Benign
Men who have consumed five or more and women who have consumed four or more drinks in a row at least once during the previous two weeks
Binge Drinkers
Procedure where a computer or other monitoring device measures heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in real time, allowing one to modify one’s behavior and thinking to see resulting changes in cardiovascular reactions
- A form of relaxation
Biofeedback
An approach that sees health primarily as the state in which disease is absent
Biomedical Approach
An approach to studying human behavior that incorporates biological, psychological, and cultural factors
Biopsychocultural Approach
An approach that focuses on the biology or physiology underlying health, the psychology or thoughts, feelings and behaviors influencing health and the ways that society and culture influence health
Biopsychosocial Approach
Family consisting of two parents, either or both of whom may have been previously married, with their children
Blended Family
Standard measure of weight calculated by multiplying weight by 703 and dividing by the square of height measured in inches [BMI 5 (wt 3 703) (Ht 3 Ht)]
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Families consisting of divorced and/or single parents living with their kids
Broken Families
Disorder characterized by the following criteria
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain
- Engaging in binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors on average at least two times per week for three months
- Having a self evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
Bulimia Nervosa
Cancer causing substances
Carcinogens
Cancers that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells
- This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites
Carcinomas
Programs educate patients on the best way to change their lifestyles and use a combination of physical activity and social support to improve their overall functioning and prevent death
Cardiac Rehabilitation Center
General category of diseases resulting from problems with the heart and circulatory system
- Includes coronary heart disease (CHD)
- Also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (both commonly referred to as heart attacks), strokes and hypertension, or high blood pressure
Cardiovascular Disease
Changes in heart rate and blood pressure in response to stress
Cardiovascular Reactivity
Form of immune reaction that takes place at the level of the cell
- Involves the action of T cells although the first stages are similar to the process for humoral mediated immunity
Cell Mediated Immunity
Treatment involving taking medications with the aim of disabling cancer growth
Chemotherapy
Illnesses that persist over long periods of time
Chronic Illnesses
Richard Lazarus’s theory of why we get stressed and defined as the imbalance between the demands placed on the individual and that individual’s resources to cope
Cognitive Appraisal Model
Any non western approach to health and wellness
- Most common CAMs include acupuncture and reiki
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
When the reaction of the body’s immune system comes about via classical conditioning and not by direct stimulation of a drug or other factor
Conditioned Immune Response
Phenomenon by which, when we believe something is true, we change the way we interpret new information and the way we look at the world because of it
- We tend to try to confirm our belief and have a bias in how we process information
Confirmation Bias
Cultures where people believe everything is in the hands of God or is fate
Constraint Cultures
Stage in the Transtheoretical Model where people recognize they may be doing something unhealthy
Contemplation
Cultures where people believe that they have absolute control of their outcomes (similar to having an internal focus of control)
Control Cultures
Process of making efforts to manage distressing problems and emotions that affect the physical and psychological outcomes of stress
Coping
Disease developing due to the build up of a combination of fat, salts, and scar tissue or plaque in the arteries that supply the heart with blood
- The build up can lead to heart failure or heart attack
Coronary Artery Disease
Statistical measure of the association between two or more variables
- It is represented by the letter r and can range from +1.00 to -1.00
- Values closer to 1 regardless of sign signify stronger associations
Correlation Coeffecient
Process by which we may try to reduce pain by itching or poking a point on our skin around where the pain is felt
Counterirritation
When patients indirectly disobey their doctor’s orders often by modifying or supplementing their treatment plans
Creative Nonadherence
Healthcare provider’s understanding of patient’s cultural characteristics, values and traditions
Cultural Competency
Dynamic yet stable set of goals, beliefs, and attitudes shared by a group of people
- Can also include similar physical characteristics (eg, skin color)
- Psychological characteristics (eg, levels of hostility)
- Common superficial features (eg, hairstyle and clothing)
Culture
Holisitc system of healing practiced by many Latin Americans and blending spirituality and western approaches to health and healing
Curanderismo
Treatment for cancer used to remove the growth
Curative Surgery
The American Medical Association’s policy specifying billing codes designed to capture behavioral services provided to patients to address physical health problems
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Manual
The degree to which something is toxic to living cells and a measure of the strength of immune cells
Cytotoxicity
A florentine artist, painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist who lived from 1452 to 1519
- Studied the structure of the body using dissection and created elaborate anatomical drawings of humans and animals that aided medical research of the same
Da Vinci, Leonardo
Treatment to reduce the tumor mass in cancer
Debulking Surgery
A term to describe a group of symptoms such as problems in thinking and remembering, often experienced by older adults
Dementia
One of the first psychological reactions felt the moment a person is informed that he or she has a chronic illness or realizes he or she is dying
Denial
Severe, chronic form of diabetes caused by insuffecient production of insulin and resulting in a disruption in the breaking down and storage of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
- This disease often appears in childhood and is characterized by increased sugar levels in the blood and urine and excessive thirst
Diabetes Mellitus
Process of removing a small amount of tissue either to identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis
Diagnostic Surgery
Idea that some individuals may have physiological predispositions to certain factors such as depression, stress or pain that interacts with psychological factors to cause these outcomes
Diathesis - Stress Model
Process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell
- The extent to which this occurs is an indicator of the strength of one’s immune system
Differentiation
Severe disturbance in eating behaviors
-Diagnostic criteria are currently provided for two eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and a third general category, eating disorder not otherwise specified
Eating disorders
A way of examining behavior developed by Bronfrenbrenner and that identifies different levels or systems in which the individual acts rather than just focusing on the individual
Ecological Theory
An objective and standardized measure of the significance and magnitude of a result of a statistical test
Effect Size
Sensory nerve fibers transmitting signals from the spinal cord to receptors in the skin and tissues
Efferent Pathways
Branch of medicine that studies the frequency, distribution, and causes of different diseases with an emphasis on the role of the physical and social environments
Epidemiology
The origin and causes of diseases
Etiology
The termination of life by the injection of a lethal drug
Euthanasia
Treatments that are dependent on critically evaluated research and are essentially empirically tested
Evidence Based Treatments
Activity planned with the goal of improving one or more aspects of physical fitness
Exercise
Form of research design that helps us determine causality
- The researcher manipulates one variable, the independent variable, and measures how changes in this variable influence another variable, the dependent variable
Experiment
Family consisting of a blended or nuclear family plus grandparents or grandchildren, aunts, uncles, and other relatives
Extended Family
Cultural value that emphasizes close family relationships, bonds and ties
Familialism
The belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die
Fatalism
Walter Cannon’s theory of stress hypothesizing that organism’s respond to stressful events with a nervous system activation that prepares them to actively engage the stressor
- The body essentially is energized to either or
Fight or Flight Theory
Cultural orientation toward time where individuals are exact with regard to time and expect to be somewhere or start events at exactly the time specified
Fixed Time
Cultural orientation toward time where individuals are flexible with regard to time and do not expect to be someplace or start engagement or events at exactly the time specified
Fluid Time
Biologically programmed inclinations toward certain foods
- Can be modified by experiences
Food Preference
Large scale longitudinal study following more than 5,000 residents of Framingham, Massachusetts, that has contributed to our understanding of heart disease
Framingham Study
The fact that most people in France have a diet that is high in fat but still lower rates of heart disease
French Paradox
Physician of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Rome
- Lived from 129 to 216
- One of the most influential of the Greek physicians, he published a wide body of work that shaped western biomedicine
Galen
Model of pain proposing that key processes in the experience of pain take place in the dorsal horn substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord and are influenced by the brain
Gate Control Theory
Hans Selye’s theory of stress suggesting that organisms have a general way of responding to all stressors
- When faced with a stressor, the body first goes into a state of alarm, then attempts to cope during a period of resistance, and finally breaks down in a state of exhaustion
General Adaptation Syndrome
Variables such as race or ethnicity often statistically controlled for in analyses where culture is not the focus of the study
- Hardiness personality trait characterized by the ability to bounce back into action after facing a stressor
Grouping Variables
British physician who lived from 1578 to 1657
- His 1628 paper “An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals” first explained how blood was pumped from the heart throughout the body, then returned to the heart
Harvey, William
A measure of relative risk of a treatment or intervention referring to the probability of seeing a certain event in a treatment group versus a control group
Hazard Ratio
State of complete physical, mental and social well being
- The health belief model is a major theory of health behavior that suggests that our beliefs relating to the effectiveness, ease and consequences of doing (or not doing) a certain behavior will determine whether we do (or not do) that behavior
Health
Differences in health that are not only unnecessary and avoidable but, in addition, are considered unfair and unjust
Health Disparities
Term for the collection of efforts to teach people to limit behaviors detrimental to their health and increase behaviors that are conducive to health
- Pays attention to a range of factors including the individual, interpersonal relationship, institutions, community and public policy
Health Education
The area of psychology that focuses on how biological, psychological, and society factors can influence how we stay healthy, why we get sick, and how we cope best and recover from illness
Health Psychology
Any specific behaviors that maintain and enhance health
Healthy Behaviors
A science based, 10 year national program designed to promote health and prevent disease
Healthy People 2020
Most commonly used treatment for AIDS that involves many different anti HIV drugs that keep the virus from replicating
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
A Greek physician often referred to as the father of medicine, who lived from 460 to 370 BC
- He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body
- He held the belief that illness had a physical and a rational explanation
Hippocrates
An optimal level or ideal level of bodily functions
- This varies for each individual and relates to blood glucose level, body temperature, rate of circulation and breathing
Homeostasis
Nursing homes where the dying are comforted and their pain and other symptoms are alleviated
Hospice
The virus responsible for causing AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Form of immune reaction that takes place at the level of the tissue and involving immune cells circulating in the blood
- Involves the action of B cells although the first stages are similar to the process of cell mediated immunity
Humoral Mediated Immunity
Medical term for high blood pressure, a condition in which the blood pressure remains chronically elevated
Hypertension
A psychological disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with one’s health and constant worry about developing physical illness
Hypochondriac
Varying ways individuals respond to physiological symptoms, monitor internal states, define and interpret symptoms, make attributions, take remedial actions, and use various forms of informal and formal care
Illness Behaviors
Time between the recognition that one is ill to the decision to seek care
Illness Delay
Belief that our expectations have been correct more times than they actually have been
Illusory Correlation
Treatment involving the activation of the body’s own immune system to fight cancer and other diseases
Immunotherapy
Diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, walnuts, and almonds
Indo - Mediterranean Diet
Frequency of new cases of a disease during a year
Incidence Rates
Theoretical model of health behavior change devised primarily for reducing unhealthy practices associated with AIDS and which provides a framework for guiding HIV risk reduction interventions
Information Motivation Behavioral Skills
Measure of how much the patient wants to know about his or her illness and specific details of its treatment
Informational Involvement
Major endocrine hormone secreted by the islet cells of the pancreas
- It facilitates the use of glucose by the body’s cells and plays a major role in the metabolism of food
Insulin
A person’s subjective probability that he or she will perform the behavior in question
Intention
Specific programs designed to assess levels of behaviors, introduce ways to change them, measure whether change has occurred, and assess the impact of the change
Intervention
Condition in which the blood flow is restricted to a part of the body
- For example, cardiac type occurs when blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle is disrupted
- Often lead to heart attacks
Ischemia
Nonprofessionals such as family, friends, and neighbors who patients rely on to help cope with illness symptoms instead of seeking biomedical treatment
Lay Referral System
The major health concerns in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century as reflected by the Healthy People 2020 program
Leading Health Indicators
Cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow
Leukemias
The age at which a person would be expected to die given biopsychosocial factors existing in society at that time
Life Expectancy
A legal document in which a person clearly specifies medical treatments in conditions when he or she is unable to express consent such as when life support should be terminated
Living Will
Statistical analysis that predicts the probability of the occurrence of an event
Logistic Regression
Cancers of the lymphatic system
Lymphomas
Stage in the Transtheoretical Model where people try to not fall back into performing their unhealthy behaviors or relapsing
- They may still be changing their behaviors and performing new behaviors, but they are not doing them as often as someone in the action stage
Maintenance
Cancerous tumors
Malignants
Breast removal
Mastectomy
The extent to which one regards one’s life chances as being under one’s own control
Mastery
Intervening process (variable) through which an antecedent variable influences an outcome variable
- Can be described as a relationship where an independent variable changes a mediating variable, which then changes a dependent variable
Mediation
A hormone produced in the brain by the pineal gland
- The production and release of it is stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light
Melatonin
Stage when the female ovaries stop producing eggs
- It occurs around the age of 50 and is accompanied by a drop in hormone levels
Menopause
Spreading to other parts of the body
Metastasize
Variable that changes the magnitude (and sometimes the direction) of the relationship between an antecedent variable and an outcome variable
Moderator
The neural activity leading to the control of pain transmissions between the various parts of the brain
Modulation
Number of cases of a disease that exist at a given point in time
Morbidity
Number of deaths related to a specific cause
Mortality
Research that includes a consideration of biological, psychological, and societal processes incorporating different levels of measurement, different research methods, and different statistical analyses
Multidimensional Approaches
A statistical test that examines if group means on a number of related variables vary from each other
Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVAs)
Also known as angina pectoris or cardiac arrest
- Chest pain is a common symptom
Myocardial Infractions
a systematic guide that offers personalized eating plans and interactive tools to help plan and assess food choices, and advice to find a balance between food and physical activity, and to get the most nutrition out of calories consumed
MyPlate
Electronic network that makes the results of clinical trials easy to find and use
National Electronic Clinical Trials and Research (NECTAR)
Government funded and organized plan that sketches out 28 cross institutional projects especially designed to tackle multifaceted issues such as obesity that result from a variety of different biopsychosocial factors
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap
Cells that show abnormal growth
Neoplasm
Pure nociception without significant psychological pain
Neuropathic Pain
Cultures such as that of Japan that do not sanction the open display of emotions
Neutral Cultures
Technical name for pain, the activation of specialized nerve fibers that signal the occurrence of tissue damage
Nociception
Body defenses and barriers that do not rely on the cells of the immune systemm
- Examples include the skin, mucus, and the process of coughing
Nonimmunologic Defenses
Internal immune processes that do not differentiate between different types of germs or disease threats
- These work on a wide variety of disease causing microorganisms
Nonspecific Immunity
What a person thinks others think about the behavior in question
Normative Beliefs
Family consisting usually of two parents and unmarried children
Nuclear Family
Having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater
Obesity
Ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group
- 1 suggests the phenomenon is equally likely in both groups
- Greater than 1 suggests the phenomenon is more likely to occur in the first group
Odds Ratio
Drugs such as morphine or codeine containing or derived from opium and tending to induce sleep and alleviate pain
Opiates
Substances produced in the body that have effects similar to opiates (such as morphine)
- Mainly associated with the relief of pain
Opiods
Infections caused by organisms that cannot induce disease in people with normal immune systems but take the opportunity to flourish in people with HIV infection
Opportunistic Infections
Personality trait where a person has a general tendency to expect that good things, rather than bad things, will happen
Optimism
Personality type that predisposes a person to experience persistent pain
Pain Prone Personality
Form of treatment aimed at alleviating symptoms without necessarily affecting the cause
Palliative Care
Treatment used to treat complications of advanced disease (not as a cure)
Palliative Surgery
Idea that pain results from a combination of impulses from nerve endings
- Different patterns of stimulations caused different types of pain
Pattern Theory
An individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits, where traits are durable dispositions to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
Personality
Process by which immune cells (eg, macrophages) destroy germs or viruses by engulfing them and breaking them down
Phagocytosis
Any bodily movement produced by contract ion of the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure
Physical Activity
Euthanasia involving a physician who supplies the actual drug although not actually administering it himself or herself
Physician Assisted Suicide
An inactive substance that appears similar to the experimental drug
Placebo
The area of psychology that involves the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
- Major foci are emotions and individual traits
Positive Psychology
A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy
Pre Term Birth
Stage in the Transtheoretical Model when people are not aware that they are practicing a behavior that is unhealthy or do not intend to take any action to change a behavior (especially in the next 6 months)
Precontemplation
Stage in the Transtheoretical Model where people are ready to take action to change the behavior
- They generate a plan and have specific ideas of how to change
Preparation
Proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time
- Commonly reported as cases per 1,000 or 100,000 people
Prevalence Rates
Treatment to remove tissue that is not yet malignant but that has a high chance of turning malignant
Prevalence Surgery
First stage in Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal model of stress where we determine the nature of an event, whether harmful, damaging or challenging
Primary Appraisal
Degree to which one is sensitive to one’s health states resulting in increased vigilance over the body
Private Body Consciousness
Chronic illnesses that get worse with time
Progressive Illness
Extent to which the immune cells multiply and produce more cells
- Mostly seen as a sign of a strong immune system
Proliferation
Purely psychological pain without a physiological basis
Psychogenic Pain
A field of study that evolved out of the disciplines of biology and psychology and is dedicated to understanding the interplay between the disparate systems
Psychoneuroimmunology
Chinese word to describe the natural energy of the universe
- The main goal of traditional Chinese medicine is to balance the qi of the body and to increase qi if needed when one is ill
- It also translates to life force or air
Qi
A measure of physical status and functioning, psychological status, social functioning, and the presence of the disease or the treatment related symptoms
Quality of Life
Treatment involving the use of radioactive particles aimed at the DNA of the cancer cells in order to disable them
Radiation Therapy
Commonly used experimental method in health psychology research in which one group gets an experimental drug or intervention treatment and a second group unknowingly gets a placebo or nothing (the control group)
Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs)
Process of explaining something by breaking it down to its smallest part
Reductionist
Statistical test in which an outcome is predicted from a set of variables
Regression Analysis
Measure of how religious a person is, commonly assessed by the frequency of temple/church/mosque/synagogue attendance, the average frequency of prayer, and the commitment to religious rituals
Religiosity
An illness that eases with time and ends
Remitting illness
The issue in contemporary science where the findings from past research cannot be found again in identically designed studies
Replication Crisis
Families in which a lot of arguing occurs between family members and in which relationships are cold, unsupportive and neglectful
Risky Families
Degree to which required information regarding role expectations is available, clear and communicated to the individual playing the role (eg, an employee)
Role Ambiguity
Incompatibility of expectations for a given role and between different roles
Role Conflict
A role is the set of behaviors to be performed and is determined by one’s own perceptions and the expectations of others
- As an individual accumulates roles, the quantity and incompatibility of role demands increase
- An individual experiences role strain that results in increased role conflict and ambiguity
Role Theory
Concerns of the muscles, bones and cartilge
Sarcomas
Process of checking for cancer
Screening
Second stage in Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal model of stress where we determine whether we have the resources to manage an event
- Relates to primary appraisal
Secondary Appraisal
Tobacco smoke inhaled by nonsmokers who are in the presence of smokers
Secondhand Smoke
Conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome
Self Efficacy
Belief that if one thinks something is going to happen, it is more likely to happen
- Social psychologists suggests a person’s expectancy of an outcome or behavior can subconsciously or consciously change her behavior to make the outcomes more likely
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
Treatments for pain relief that make the patient with chronic pain the one with the major repsonsibility for making the change rather than the doctor or the health professional staff
Self Management Programs
When only one type of food is available at a meal, people eat a moderate amount of it
- If a second food is then introduced, the amount of the new food eaten will be more than if it was presented by itself
Sensory Specific Satiety
New technology developed by the CDC that determines which positive HIV tests represent new HIV infections (those that occurred within approximately the past 5 months)
Serological Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion
An innate, biological characteristic
- Men have an XY sex chromosome
- Women have an XX sex chromosome
Sex
The extent to which people engage in sexual activities with sexual partners from other sexual networks (dissortative mating) versus partners from their own network (assortative mixing)
Sexual Mixing
Although a general term used for the practicioners of folk medicine, the word originated in Easter Europe and means she or he who knows
- Also referred to as medicine men and use a range of herbs and rituals to cure
Shaman
Theory suggesting that people are motivated to maintain their social network sizes as they themselves age, despite changes in the composition of the networks
- Individuals construct and maintain social relationships while becoming increasingly aware of specific strengths and weaknesses of particular members
Social Convoy Model
Feeling of being loved, esteemed and cared for
- Also emotional, informational or instrumental assistance from others
Social Support
Measure of an individual, family, or group’s relative economic and social level most commonly measured by income and education level
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Theory of social support change that proposes that people prune their social networks to maintain a desired emotional state depending on the extent to which time is perceived as limited
- Basic functions of social interaction, such as maintaining a good mood, differ in respect to their relative importance for determining social preferences across the life span
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Physiological pain without specific tissue damage
Somatic Pain
Idea that pain was a specific independent sensation such as heat or touch, with specialized receptors responding to specific stimuli
Specificity
Transmission of stress from one domain of an individual’s life into other domains of life
Spillover
Treatment to ascertain in which stage of development the cancer is
- This form of surgery helps determine how far the cancer has spread and provides a clinical stage for the growth
Staging Surgery
A 12 ounce serving of beer (a standard bottle or can), a 5 ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounce of gin, vodka, rum or scotch is a standard serving
Standard Drink
When the probability of the results being found by chance are very small, often less than 5 in 100
Statistically Significant
Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
Stereotypes
Process by which electrically stimulating the brain can reduce pain
Stimulation Produced Analgesia
Defined in a variety of ways but most simply as an upsetting of homeostasis
- A state caused when the perceived demands on the organism exceeded the resources to meet those demands
Stress
When two or more domains or areas of a person’s life are connected, stress from one area can spillover into the other area
- If work and home are interconnected, stress from one area can influence the other
Stress Contagion Effect
Pain relief produced when our body releases opioids when we are stressed, a state that can also be induced by motor activity such as physical activity
Stress Induced Analgesia
A type of cardiovascular disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain
- Occurs when a blood vessel to the brain is blocked either by a clot or bursts
- When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it starts to die
Stroke
A statistical analysis that tests for how well a theorized set of relationships between variables matches data collected
Structural Equation Modeling
A phenomenon where two or more factors (eg, smoking and drinking) act together to create an effect greater than that predicted by knowing only the separate effects of the individual factors
Synergistic Effect
A form of classical conditioning in which stressful thoughts or events are paired with relaxation
Systematic Desensitization
A major Chinese philosophical approach to life and the universe
- Based on the Tao Te Ching written by Lao Tzu approximately 2,000 years ago, it’s translated to mean way of life or order of the universe and can be also seen as a state of being
Tao
Shelley Taylor’s and colleagues’ theory of how women, when faced with a stressor, may either tend to infants or others and befriend other females and cultivate female bonds as opposed to fighting or fleeing
Tend and Befriend
Chronic illnesses such as cancer or AIDS are often referred to as advancing or terminal because people with these diseases often die after a relatively short time ranging from months to a few years
Terminal Illnesses
Stage in the Transtheoretical Model where a person is no longer tempted by the unhealthy behavior she has changed
Termination
Level of stimuli needed to experience something such as pain or stress
Threshold
Most common method used to stage cancer
- The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs
- The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
- The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized
TNM System
Amount beyond which pain becomes unbearable and intolerable
Tolerance Level
Holistic system of medicine and approach to health and healing originating in China approximately 4,000 years ago
- Major treatments include acupuncture and the use of herbs
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Process of occurring at the level of the receptors where chemical, mechanical, or thermal energy is converted in electrochemical nerve impulses
Transduction
Major theory of health behavior change that identifies different stages we process through as we think about, attempt to, and finally change any specific behavior
Transtheoretical Model
Factors that increase the likelihood that a person will seek treatment
Triggers
Cancer prone personality where the person is cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and someone who does not express negative emotions
Type C Personality
Electromagnetic radiation present in sunlight and associated with skin cancer
Ultraviolet (UV) Rays
Time delay between the decision to seek care and the actual behaviors to obtain medical healthcare
Use
A Flemish anatomist and doctor, who lived from 1514 to 1564
- His dissections of the human body helped to correct misconceptions dating from ancient times
Vesalius, Andreas
Five basic measures that doctors get from patients (temperature, pulse, blood pressure, pain level, respiration)
Vital Signs
Two opposing forces that, according to traditional Chinese medicine, combine to create everything in the universe
- Mutually interdependent, constantly interactive, and potentially interchangeable forces
Yin and Yang
