Definitions Flashcards
Illness resulting in a deficiency within the immune system, with a number of manifestations, rather than a single disease
- Caused by HIV
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Stage in the Transtheoretical Model where subjects are actually changing their behavior
- The change has to have taken place over the past 6 months and should involve active efforts to change the behavior
Action
One of the most scientifically validated forms of alternative medicine
- Involves the use of fine needles inserted into specific points on the body
- Is theorized to keep the balance between yin and yang, thus allowing for the normal flow of qi throughout the body and restoring health to the mind and body
Acupuncture
Theoretical Model consists of 8 sequential phases that inform HIV prevention providers and researchers of a prescriptive method for adapting evidence based interventions
ADAPT - ITT
State in which the body relies on a substance for normal functioning
Addiction
Extent to which a patient’s behavior matches with his or her practitioner’s advice
Adherence
Cultures such as the culture in Italy that place a premium on the display of emotions
Affect Cultures
Sensory nerve fibers transmitting signals from the receptors to the spinal cord
Afferent Fibers
Characterized by one or more of the following as a result of alcohol use
- Failure to fulfill major role obligations
- Recurrent physically hazardous use
- Recurrent alcohol related legal problems
- Continued use despite persistent alcohol related social or interpersonal problems
Alcohol Abuse
Conventional or western medicine that treats disease by the use of remedies to produce effects different from those produced by the disease under treatment
Allopathy
The ability to achieve stability through change
Allostasis
Pain relief or the inability to feel pain
Analgesia
Statistical test that examines if group means vary from each other
- It uses an F ratio test
Analyses of Variance (ANOVAS)
Medical term for heart attacks or myocardial infractions (cardiac arrest)
- Chest pain is a common symptom
Angina Pectoris
Treatment for cardiovascular disease involving a procedure done to open a partially blocked blood vessel so that blood can flow through it more easily
Angioplasty
Disorder defined by the following criteria
- Refusing to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height
- Having an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though they are underweight
- Having a disturbed view of the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced
- Undue influence of body weight or shape on self evaluation
- Denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight
- Experiencing amenorrhea (the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles)
Anorexia Nervosa
Process in which a dying patient feels a lack of control and now grieves in expectation of his or her death
Anticipatory Relief
Specific immune cells that are earmarked for specific germs or antigens
- Also known as antibody generators
Antigens
Time taken to recognize one has symptoms after they first appear
Appraisal Delay
Way a potentially stressful event is interpreted
- A significant component of Lazarus’ psychological explanation of why we get stressed
Appraisals
Form of coping where you actively attempt to solve the problem or address the stressor
Approach Coping
Obtaining information according to a goal
Assessment
Disease caused by the accumulation of fatty substances in the blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
Cognitive process of assigning meaning to a symptom or behavior
Attribution
Form of coping where you focus more on emotions resulting from the stressor and ignore or avoid the stressful experience itself
- It involves mental or behavioral methods to deal with the feelings resulting from the stress
Avoidant Coping
Ancient system of medicine that focuses on the body, the sense organs, the mind, and the soul
- It originated in India approximately 4,000 years ago
Ayurveda
Stage of death in which patients try to restore their belief in a just world and may promise to be good or live life better in exchange for life
Bargaining
Weight loss surgery
- There are many forms such as lap band surgery and gastric bypass surgery
Bariatric Surgery
Certain events, situations, people, or locations that act as stimuli that result in behaviors conditioned to be associated with them
- When a smoker always smokes in his or her car, the car is a signal to the smoker’s body that nicotine is coming and makes smoking more likely
Behavioral Cueing
A patient’s attitude towards self care, specifically an active involvement in treatment
Behavioral Involvement
Interdisciplinary field of medicine that includes psychological, sociological, and biological views on health and illness
- Behavioral telehealth healthcare delivered over the telephone or through other technical means such as the internet
Behavioral Medicine
Finding meaning in a chronic illness and growing
Benefit Finding
Noncancerous tumor
Benign
Men who have consumed five or more and women who have consumed four or more drinks in a row at least once during the previous two weeks
Binge Drinkers
Procedure where a computer or other monitoring device measures heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in real time, allowing one to modify one’s behavior and thinking to see resulting changes in cardiovascular reactions
- A form of relaxation
Biofeedback
An approach that sees health primarily as the state in which disease is absent
Biomedical Approach
An approach to studying human behavior that incorporates biological, psychological, and cultural factors
Biopsychocultural Approach
An approach that focuses on the biology or physiology underlying health, the psychology or thoughts, feelings and behaviors influencing health and the ways that society and culture influence health
Biopsychosocial Approach
Family consisting of two parents, either or both of whom may have been previously married, with their children
Blended Family
Standard measure of weight calculated by multiplying weight by 703 and dividing by the square of height measured in inches [BMI 5 (wt 3 703) (Ht 3 Ht)]
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Families consisting of divorced and/or single parents living with their kids
Broken Families
Disorder characterized by the following criteria
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain
- Engaging in binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors on average at least two times per week for three months
- Having a self evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
Bulimia Nervosa
Cancer causing substances
Carcinogens
Cancers that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells
- This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites
Carcinomas
Programs educate patients on the best way to change their lifestyles and use a combination of physical activity and social support to improve their overall functioning and prevent death
Cardiac Rehabilitation Center
General category of diseases resulting from problems with the heart and circulatory system
- Includes coronary heart disease (CHD)
- Also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (both commonly referred to as heart attacks), strokes and hypertension, or high blood pressure
Cardiovascular Disease
Changes in heart rate and blood pressure in response to stress
Cardiovascular Reactivity
Form of immune reaction that takes place at the level of the cell
- Involves the action of T cells although the first stages are similar to the process for humoral mediated immunity
Cell Mediated Immunity
Treatment involving taking medications with the aim of disabling cancer growth
Chemotherapy
Illnesses that persist over long periods of time
Chronic Illnesses
Richard Lazarus’s theory of why we get stressed and defined as the imbalance between the demands placed on the individual and that individual’s resources to cope
Cognitive Appraisal Model
Any non western approach to health and wellness
- Most common CAMs include acupuncture and reiki
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
When the reaction of the body’s immune system comes about via classical conditioning and not by direct stimulation of a drug or other factor
Conditioned Immune Response
Phenomenon by which, when we believe something is true, we change the way we interpret new information and the way we look at the world because of it
- We tend to try to confirm our belief and have a bias in how we process information
Confirmation Bias
Cultures where people believe everything is in the hands of God or is fate
Constraint Cultures
Stage in the Transtheoretical Model where people recognize they may be doing something unhealthy
Contemplation
Cultures where people believe that they have absolute control of their outcomes (similar to having an internal focus of control)
Control Cultures
Process of making efforts to manage distressing problems and emotions that affect the physical and psychological outcomes of stress
Coping
Disease developing due to the build up of a combination of fat, salts, and scar tissue or plaque in the arteries that supply the heart with blood
- The build up can lead to heart failure or heart attack
Coronary Artery Disease
Statistical measure of the association between two or more variables
- It is represented by the letter r and can range from +1.00 to -1.00
- Values closer to 1 regardless of sign signify stronger associations
Correlation Coeffecient
Process by which we may try to reduce pain by itching or poking a point on our skin around where the pain is felt
Counterirritation
When patients indirectly disobey their doctor’s orders often by modifying or supplementing their treatment plans
Creative Nonadherence
Healthcare provider’s understanding of patient’s cultural characteristics, values and traditions
Cultural Competency
Dynamic yet stable set of goals, beliefs, and attitudes shared by a group of people
- Can also include similar physical characteristics (eg, skin color)
- Psychological characteristics (eg, levels of hostility)
- Common superficial features (eg, hairstyle and clothing)
Culture
Holisitc system of healing practiced by many Latin Americans and blending spirituality and western approaches to health and healing
Curanderismo
Treatment for cancer used to remove the growth
Curative Surgery
The American Medical Association’s policy specifying billing codes designed to capture behavioral services provided to patients to address physical health problems
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Manual
The degree to which something is toxic to living cells and a measure of the strength of immune cells
Cytotoxicity
A florentine artist, painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist who lived from 1452 to 1519
- Studied the structure of the body using dissection and created elaborate anatomical drawings of humans and animals that aided medical research of the same
Da Vinci, Leonardo
Treatment to reduce the tumor mass in cancer
Debulking Surgery
A term to describe a group of symptoms such as problems in thinking and remembering, often experienced by older adults
Dementia
One of the first psychological reactions felt the moment a person is informed that he or she has a chronic illness or realizes he or she is dying
Denial
Severe, chronic form of diabetes caused by insuffecient production of insulin and resulting in a disruption in the breaking down and storage of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
- This disease often appears in childhood and is characterized by increased sugar levels in the blood and urine and excessive thirst
Diabetes Mellitus
Process of removing a small amount of tissue either to identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis
Diagnostic Surgery
Idea that some individuals may have physiological predispositions to certain factors such as depression, stress or pain that interacts with psychological factors to cause these outcomes
Diathesis - Stress Model
Process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell
- The extent to which this occurs is an indicator of the strength of one’s immune system
Differentiation
Severe disturbance in eating behaviors
-Diagnostic criteria are currently provided for two eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and a third general category, eating disorder not otherwise specified
Eating disorders
A way of examining behavior developed by Bronfrenbrenner and that identifies different levels or systems in which the individual acts rather than just focusing on the individual
Ecological Theory
An objective and standardized measure of the significance and magnitude of a result of a statistical test
Effect Size
Sensory nerve fibers transmitting signals from the spinal cord to receptors in the skin and tissues
Efferent Pathways
Branch of medicine that studies the frequency, distribution, and causes of different diseases with an emphasis on the role of the physical and social environments
Epidemiology
The origin and causes of diseases
Etiology
The termination of life by the injection of a lethal drug
Euthanasia
Treatments that are dependent on critically evaluated research and are essentially empirically tested
Evidence Based Treatments
Activity planned with the goal of improving one or more aspects of physical fitness
Exercise
Form of research design that helps us determine causality
- The researcher manipulates one variable, the independent variable, and measures how changes in this variable influence another variable, the dependent variable
Experiment
Family consisting of a blended or nuclear family plus grandparents or grandchildren, aunts, uncles, and other relatives
Extended Family
Cultural value that emphasizes close family relationships, bonds and ties
Familialism
The belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die
Fatalism
Walter Cannon’s theory of stress hypothesizing that organism’s respond to stressful events with a nervous system activation that prepares them to actively engage the stressor
- The body essentially is energized to either or
Fight or Flight Theory
Cultural orientation toward time where individuals are exact with regard to time and expect to be somewhere or start events at exactly the time specified
Fixed Time
Cultural orientation toward time where individuals are flexible with regard to time and do not expect to be someplace or start engagement or events at exactly the time specified
Fluid Time
Biologically programmed inclinations toward certain foods
- Can be modified by experiences
Food Preference
Large scale longitudinal study following more than 5,000 residents of Framingham, Massachusetts, that has contributed to our understanding of heart disease
Framingham Study
The fact that most people in France have a diet that is high in fat but still lower rates of heart disease
French Paradox
Physician of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Rome
- Lived from 129 to 216
- One of the most influential of the Greek physicians, he published a wide body of work that shaped western biomedicine
Galen
Model of pain proposing that key processes in the experience of pain take place in the dorsal horn substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord and are influenced by the brain
Gate Control Theory
Hans Selye’s theory of stress suggesting that organisms have a general way of responding to all stressors
- When faced with a stressor, the body first goes into a state of alarm, then attempts to cope during a period of resistance, and finally breaks down in a state of exhaustion
General Adaptation Syndrome
Variables such as race or ethnicity often statistically controlled for in analyses where culture is not the focus of the study
- Hardiness personality trait characterized by the ability to bounce back into action after facing a stressor
Grouping Variables
