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Psychology Research And Statistics I > Definitions 📚 > Flashcards

Definitions 📚 Flashcards

Definitions for psych stats

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1
Q

The simplest type of reversal design that involves an initial baseline (A), manipulation (B), and a return to baseline (A)

A

ABA Reversal Design

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2
Q

A simple comparison of the baseline (A) and the manipulation (B) phases

A

AB Design

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3
Q

See true zero

A

Absolute zero

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4
Q

The relationship between scores on two different forms of a scale

A

Alternate Forms Reliability

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5
Q

A prediction of what the researcher expects to find in a study.

  • Often called an experimental hypothesis in experimental research and stated in terms of differences between groups
A

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

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6
Q

No one other than the participant can link the participant to his or her responses

A

Anonymity

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7
Q

Analysis of existing data or records

A

Archival Research

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8
Q

Graph used to display nominal or ordinal data in which the frequency of scores is depicted on the Y axis and the categories for nominal data or ranks for ordinal data are depicted on the X axis

Non adjacent bars represent the frequency of each category or rank

A

Bar Graph

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9
Q

In a single N design, repeated assessment of the dependent variable in the absence of any manipulation

A

Baseline (Phase A)

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10
Q

Variability in scores created by the different levels of the IV; researchers attempt to maximize this variability

A

Between Groups (Treatment) Variance

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11
Q

A non normal distribution that has two peaks

A

Bimodal Distribution

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12
Q

An experiment in which the participants know that they have been exposed to one particular IV condition but they do not know which one

A

Blind Experiment

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13
Q

Observers are not informed of the hypothesis in order to reduce observer bias

A

Blind Observer

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14
Q

A confound that occurs when the effect of one condition of the treatment continues (or carries over) into the next condition

A

Carryover Effect

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15
Q

Detailed investigation of a single individual, group, organization or event

A

Case Study

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16
Q

Relationship between cause and effect, in that one variable is shown to have caused the observed change in another variable

A

Causation (or causality)

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17
Q

Restricting the upper limit of a measure so that higher levels of a measure are not assessed accurately

A

Ceiling Effect

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18
Q

A comparison of one level of a factor across a level of another factor

A

Cell

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19
Q

The mean of each cell comparing one level of a factor across a level of another factor

A

Cell Means

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20
Q

A single score that summarizes the center of the distribution

A

Central Tendency

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21
Q

A list of qualities or behaviors that are checked if present

A

Checklist

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22
Q

A nonparametric test used with one nominal variable having two or more categories; tests whether the observed frequencies of the categories reflect the exposed population frequencies

A

Chi Square Goodness Of Fit

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23
Q

A nonparametric test used with two nominal variables having two or more categories; tests whether the frequency distributions of two variables are independent

A

Chi Square Test For Independence

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24
Q

Nonparametric tests used with nominal data that compare expected versus observed frequencies

A

Chi Square Tests (X2)

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25
Q

Item that provides a limited number of choices from which respondents must select

A

Closed Ended Response Format

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26
Q

Procedure in which clusters of individuals are assigned to one level of the IV so that each cluster has an equal chance of experiencing any of the IV levels

A

Cluster Random Assignment

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27
Q

A type of probability sampling in which groups, or clusters, are randomly selected instead of individuals

A

Cluster Sampling

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28
Q

A nonparametric statistic used to analyze nominal data from a study that includes three or more dependent groups

A

Cochran Q Test

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29
Q

The process of categorizing information

A

Coding

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30
Q

Proportion of variability accounted for by knowing the relationship (correlation) between two variables

A

Coeffeceint Of Determination (r2)

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31
Q

A measure of effect size; describes the magnitude of the effect of our IV (or predictor) on the DV (or outcome) in standard deviation units

A

Cohen’s D

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32
Q

Critique or comments about a published research article

A

Commentaries

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33
Q

Randomly assigning participants to all the possible sequences of conditions in an experiment

A

Complete Counterbalancing

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34
Q

Positive correlation between scale scores and a current behavior that is related to the construct assessed by the scale

A

Concurrent Validity

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35
Q

The values of the IV

A

Conditions (or Levels or Groups)

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36
Q

Someone is working with the researcher but pretends to be a participant or bystander

A

Confederate

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37
Q

An estimation of the range of values within which the scores will fall (Margin of error)

A

Confidence Interval

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38
Q

A measure of how likely the scores will fall within a stated confidence interval

A

Confidence Level

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39
Q

A participant’s responses are kept private although the researcher may be able to link the participant with his or her responses

A

Confidentiality

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40
Q

A variable that varies systematically with the variables of interest in a study and is a potential alternative explanation for causality

A

Confound (or Confounding Variable)

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41
Q

A concept that cannot be directly observed or measured

A

Construct

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42
Q

Whether a measure mirrors the characteristic of a hypothetical construct; can be assessed in many ways

A

Construct Validity

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43
Q

Inclusion of all aspects of a construct by items on a scale of measure

A

Content Validity

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44
Q

Used to determine the effect size for a contingency table larger than 2 x 2 and with an equal number of rows and columns (3 x 3, 4 x 4, ECT)

A

Contingency Coeffeceint Squared (C2)

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45
Q

A matrix that presents frequencies representing the combined levels of two variables

A

Contingency Table

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46
Q

The researcher sets up the situation and observes how participants or subjects respond

A

Contrived Observation

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47
Q

The group that receives the zero level of the IV

A

Control Group

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48
Q

A type of nonprobability sample made up of those volunteers or others who are readily available and willing to participate

A

Convenience Sampling

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49
Q

Positive relationship between two scales measuring the same or similar constructs

A

Convergent Validity

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50
Q

A relationship between variables

A

Correlation

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51
Q

See correlational research

A

Correlational Design

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52
Q

A design with two or more predictors that are not manipulated in the study

A

Correlational Factorial Design

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53
Q

Research design in which the relationship among two or more variables is examined, but causality cannot be determined

A

Correlational Research (or Correlational Design)

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54
Q

A procedure to eliminate order effects in a repeated measures experiment; participants are randomly assigned to different sequences of the conditions in an experiment

A

Counterbalancing

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55
Q

Observations are made without the participant’s awareness

A

Covert Observation

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56
Q

The effect size statistic used when a contingency table is larger than a 2 x 2 and the number of rows and columns are different numbers (3 x 4, 4 x 2, ECT)

A

Cramer’s V Squared (V2)

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57
Q

The percentage of a sampling distribution that the researcher selects

A

Criterion Level (P)

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58
Q

Positive correlation between scale scores and a behavioral mesure

A

Criterion Validity

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59
Q

The value of a statistic that defines the extreme 5% of the distribution for a one tailed hypothesis or the extreme 2.5% of the distribution for a two tailed test

A

Critical Value

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60
Q

Test used to assess the internal consistency of a scale by computing the intercorrelations among responses to scale items; values of .70 or higher are interpreted as acceptable internal consistency

A

Cronbach’s Alpha (X)

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61
Q

The proportion of a score that falls within a specified interval

A

Cumulative Percentage

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62
Q

Clearing up any misconceptions that the participant might have and addressing any negative effects of the study

A

Debriefing

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63
Q

Determined by the sample size; number of scores free to vary in a sample

A

Degrees of Freedom (Df)

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64
Q

Characteristics of the study that lead a participant to guess at the study’s hypothesis and change their behaviors accordingly

A

Demand Characteristics

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65
Q

A design where the participants in different conditions are related or are the same people

A

Dependent Groups Design

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66
Q

Experiment in which the groups are related, in that participants were matched prior to exposure to the IV or in that participants experience all levels of the IV

A

Dependent Groups Experiment

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67
Q

A factorial design in which all the levels of the factors are related via matching or repeated measures

A

Dependent Groups Factorial Design

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68
Q

See within subjects ANOVA

A

Dependent Groups One Way ANOVA

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69
Q

The statistical test used to analyze results from a dependent two groups design

A

Dependent Samples T Test

Or Paired Samples T Test/Within Subjects T Test

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70
Q

The variable that is measured in an experiment and is expected to vary or change based on the IV manipulation

A

Dependent Variable (DV)

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71
Q

Research design in which the primary goal is to describe the variables, but not examine relationships among variables

A

Descriptive Research

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72
Q

A type of quantitative (numerical) analysis used to summarize the characteristics of a sample

A

Descriptive Statistics

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73
Q

A nominal variable that has two levels or groups

A

Dichotomous Variable

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74
Q

The treatment administered to one group is shared with another group through cross group interactions

A

Diffusion Of Treatment

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75
Q

Negative or no relationship between two scales measuring different constructs

A

Divergent Validity

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76
Q

An experiment in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with the participants know which participants have been assigned to each condition

A

Double Blind Experiment

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77
Q

How long a behavior lasts

A

Duration

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78
Q

A type of external validity that assesses the degree to which a study’s findings generalize to real world settings

A

Ecological Validity

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79
Q

Strength or magnitude of the effect of a variable, or the strength of the relationship between two variables

A

Effect Size

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80
Q

Investigation of single cases that comprise a group or organization in order to understand that group or organization as a whole

A

Embedded Case Study

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81
Q

Systematic changes to the physical or social environment

A

Environmental Manipulations

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81
Q

Systematic changes to the physical or social environment

A

Environmental Manipulations

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82
Q

The distance between numbers on a scale is equal

A

Equal Intervals

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83
Q

See within groups variance

A

Error Variance

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84
Q

Estimated standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means that is used to calculate the t test

A

Estimated Standard Error Of The Means (SDx)

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85
Q

The percentage of variability in a measured variable which is accounted for by the grouping variable

  • It is used as a measure of effect size in studies analyzed with an ANOVA
A

Eta Squared (n2)

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86
Q

The frequency or count we expect in a category according to the null hypothesis

A

Expected Frequency (E)

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87
Q

See experimental research

A

Experiment

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88
Q

A design with two or more IVs that are manipulated and in which participants are randomly assigned to IV levels

A

Experimental Factorial Design

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89
Q

The group that receives a certain amount or level of the IV

A

Experimental Group

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90
Q

An alternative hypothesis used in experiments and stated in terms of differences between groups

A

Experimental Hypothesis (Ha)

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91
Q

Research design that attempts to determine a causal relationship by randomly assigning participants or subjects to groups, manipulating one variable (the IV) and measuring the effect of that manipulation on another variable (the DV)

A

Experimental Research (or Experimental Design or Experiment)

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92
Q

Phenomenon in which a researcher unintentionally treats the groups differently so that results support the hypothesis

A

Experimenter Expectancy Effects (or Rosenthal Effect)

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93
Q

The degree to which we can say that the results of a study are accurate for different types of people in different settings assessed with different procedures

A

External Validity

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94
Q

Whether a particular measure seems to be appropriate as a way to assess a construct

A

Face Validity

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95
Q

A predictor variable in a correlational design or an IV in an experiment or quasi experiment

A

Factor

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96
Q

A design used to examine how two or more variables (factors) predict or explain an outcome

A

Factorial Design

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97
Q

A shorthand for expressing how many factors, levels, and cells are present in a factorial design

A

Factorial Notation

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98
Q

A confound that occurs when changes in the DV occur because of participants becoming tired

A

Fatigue Effect

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99
Q

A commonly used post hoc test that compares the smallest amount that group means can differ in order to be significant

A

Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test

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100
Q

Restricting the lower limit of a measure so that lower scores are not assessed accurately

A

Floor Effect

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101
Q

Response format in which there is no neutral or middle option

A

Forced Choice Response Format

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102
Q

A count of how many times a score appears in the sample

A

Frequency (f)

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103
Q

Graph used to display interval or ratio data in which the frequency of scores is depicted on the Y axis and the scores are on depicted on the X axis

  • Points represent the frequency of each score
  • The points are connected with straight lines that begin and end on the X axis
A

Frequency Polygon

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104
Q

A nonparametric test used to analyze ordinal or ranked data from a study with one variable with three or more dependent groups

A

Friedman Chi Squared (Friedman X2)

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105
Q

The mean of the DV or outcome of the entire sample

A

Grand Mean

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106
Q

A method to build theory from data

A

Grounded Theory

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107
Q

Design in which a researcher compares two or more groups of participants who are exposed to different levels of a variable of interest

A

Group Design

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108
Q

The mean of each level or group that ignores the other factor

A

Group Means

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109
Q

Phenomenon in which participants change their behavior simply because they are in a study and have the attention of researchers

A

Hawthorne Effect

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110
Q

Graph used to display interval or ratio data in which the frequency of scores is depicted on the Y axis and the interval ratings or ratio scores are depicted on the X axis

  • Adjacent bars represent the frequency of each rating or score
A

Histogram

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111
Q

The degree to which the members of a sample have similar characteristics

A

Homogeneity of the Sample

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112
Q

Assumption that the variance of populations is the same; group standard deviations serve as estimates of the population variance

A

Homogeneity of Variance

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113
Q

A design with at least one experimental IV and at least one quasi IV or predictor

A

Hybrid Factorial Design

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114
Q

The process of determining the probability of obtaining a particular result or set of results

A

Hypothesis Testing

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115
Q

Each number has a unique meaning

A

Identity

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116
Q

Experiment in which each participant experiences only one level of the IV

A

Independent Groups Experiment (or Between Subjects Experiment)

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117
Q

A factorial design in which all the factors have independent levels/groups

A

Independent Groups Factorial Design

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118
Q

The inferential statistic used to test differences between means in a study with two independent groups

A

Independent Samples T Test

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119
Q

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment

A

Independent Variable (IV)

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120
Q

Statistical analysis of data gathered from a sample to draw conclusions about a population from which the sample is drawn

A

Inferential Statistics

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121
Q

An ethical standard by which potential participants are informed of the topic, procedure, risks, and benefits of participation prior to consenting to participate

A

Informed Consent

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122
Q

An established group that evaluates research proposals to ensure that ethical standards are being followed in research that involves human participants

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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123
Q

Systematic changes to instructions, educational information, or feedback

A

Instructional Manipulations

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124
Q

How one variable predicts or affects the outcome based on the levels of another variable

A

Interaction Effect

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125
Q

The numerator of the variance created by the differences among different participants in the same condition in a dependent design; considered an interaction between condition and participants

A

Interaction Sums of Squares (SSAxs)

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126
Q

The consistency of participant responses to all the items on a scale

A

Internal Consistency

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127
Q

The degree to which we can say that we found an accurate relationship among variables, in that changes in one variable (the DV) are caused by changes in another variable (the IV)

  • Relevant only to studies examining causation
A

Interval Validity

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128
Q

Consistency of observations or ratings of a behavior made by two different people

A

Interrater Reliability

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129
Q

A scale of measurement that has both order and equal intervals between values on the scale

A

Interval Scale

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130
Q

The interviewer may provide verbal or nonverbal cues that impact how the participant responds

A

Interviewer bias

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131
Q

The way the researcher creates the conditions of the IV

A

IV Manipulation

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132
Q

A nonparametric test used to analyze ordinal data from a study with one variable with at least three levels

A

Kruskal - Wallis H Test

133
Q

The degree of the peak of a normal distribution

A

Kurtosis

134
Q

The time between stopping one task and beginning a new task

A

Latency

135
Q

A type of partial counterbalancing where each condition appears once in each sequence; participants are then randomly assigned to the different sequences

A

Latin Square Counterbalancing

136
Q

A normal distribution with most of the scores in the middle and a sharp peak

A

Leptokurtic Curve

137
Q

A statistical test that examines whether the variability within different samples is similar

A

Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances

138
Q

A commonly used type of interval scale response in which items are rated on a range of numbers (usually between five and seven response options) that are assumed to have equal intervals

A

Likert Type Scale

139
Q

Process of describing a correlation with the line that best fits the data points

A

Linear Regression

140
Q

A relationship between two variables, defined by their moving in a single direction together

A

Linear Relationship

141
Q

The straight line that best fits a correlation and consists of each x value in the relationship and its predicted Y value

A

Line of Best Fit

142
Q

Review of past research without a report of original research

A

Literature Review

143
Q

How one variable predicts or affects the outcome

A

Main Effect

144
Q

In a single N design, repeated assessment of the dependent variable during the implementation of a manipulation (eg, treatment)

A

Manipulation (Phase B)

145
Q

The process of verifying that the participants attended to the manipulation

A

Manipulation Check

146
Q

A nonparametric test used to analyze ordinal data from two independent groups when n < 20/group

A

Mann - Whitney U Test

147
Q

A design where participants in each group are matched on a characteristic relevant to the variable that is being measured

  • In an experimental design, a member of each matched pair is randomly to each IV condition
A

Matched Pairs Design

148
Q

Process in which participants are put into matched sets and then each member of the set is assigned to one IV level so that all in the set have an equal chance of experiencing any of the levels

A

Matched Random Assignment

149
Q

A nonprobability sampling strategy in which the researcher seeks out the full range of extremes in the population

A

Maximum Variation Sampling

150
Q

A nonparametric statistic used to analyze nominal data from a study using two dependent (matched or repeated measures) groups

A

McNemar Test

151
Q

The arithmetic average

A

Mean (M)

152
Q

The average difference between the scores of matched pairs or the scores for the same participants across two conditions; computed by subtracting one score of a matched or repeated pair from the other score

A

Mean Difference (MD)

153
Q

The average deviation of group means from the total mean of a sample

  • Used in computing an ANOVA
A

Mean Square Between Groups (MSB)

154
Q

The average deviation within all groups or levels of a study

  • Used in computing an ANOVA
A

Mean Square Within Groups (MSW)

155
Q

Consistency of a measure

A

Measurement Reliability

156
Q

Measurement is accurate in that it measures what it purports to measure

A

Measurement Validity

157
Q

The score that cuts a distribution in half

A

Median (Mdn)

158
Q

A normal distribution with a moderate or middle peak

A

Mesokurtic Curve

159
Q

A type of review in which the statistical results of past research are synthesized but no original data were connected or analyzed

A

Meta Analysis

160
Q

A factorial design with at least one factor with independent levels and at least one factor with dependent levels

A

Mixed Design

161
Q

The most frequent score in a distribution

A

Mode

162
Q

In an interaction effect, the factor that changes the strength or direction of the relationship between a predictor and the outcome (or one IV and the DV in an experiment)

A

Moderator

163
Q

Population mean

A

Mu (M)

164
Q

The manipulation is introduced at different times across two or more behaviors

A

Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors

165
Q

The manipulation is introduced at different times across two or more persons

A

Multiple Baseline Across Persons

166
Q

The manipulation is introduced at different times across two or more settings

A

Multiple Baseline Across Settings

167
Q

The manipulation is introduced at different times across two or more persons, settings, or behaviors

A

Multiple Baseline Design

168
Q

A study examining the effect of a manipulated IV or the relationship of a variable that has three or more levels on a DV

  • The participants in each level of the IV are unrelated
A

Multiple Independent Groups Design

169
Q

A single N design in which the researcher introduces two or more manipulations over the course of the study

A

Multiple Manipulation Design

170
Q

A statistical technique that computes both the individual and combined contribution of two or more variables to the prediction of another variable

A

Multiple Regression (R)

171
Q

A detailed account of behaviors or responses

A

Narrative

172
Q

Observations that occur in natural environments or situations and do not invade interference by anyone involved in the research

A

Naturalistic Observations

173
Q

A relationship where scores on two variables move in opposite directions (one increases while the other decreases)

A

Negative Correlation

174
Q

One or a few negative scores skew the distribution in the negative direction, but most of the scores cluster on the positive end of the scale

A

Negative Skew

175
Q

A scale of measurement where numbers represent categories and have no numerical value

A

Nominal Scale

176
Q

Statistics used to analyze nominal and ordinal (ranked) data or used when the assumptions of parametric statistics are violated

A

Nonparametric Statsitics

177
Q

The researcher or observer is not directly involved in the situation

A

Nonparticipant Observation

178
Q

Process of obtaining a study sample without without using random selection

A

Nonprobability Sampling (or Nonrandom Sampling)

179
Q

The extent to which those who were selected and participated in the study differ from those who were selected but did not participate

A

Nonresponse Bias

180
Q

Symmetrical distribution in which scores cluster around the middle and then taper off at the ends

A

Normal Distribution

181
Q

A prediction of no difference between groups; the hypothesis the researcher expects to reject

A

Null Hypothesis (H0)

182
Q

The process of categorizing and numbering information for quantitative analyses

A

Numerical Coding

183
Q

A measure that is rated by observers and sometimes made without the awareness of the person performing the behavior

A

Observational Measure

184
Q

The frequency or count we obtain in a particular category

A

Observed Frequency (o)

185
Q

The lowest and highest scores on a measure that are obtained in the sample

A

Observed Minimum and Maximum Scores

186
Q

The observers pay closer attention to behaviors that support their expectations or interpret behaviors in ways that support their expectations or lose their focus on the target behavior

A

Observer Bias

187
Q

Nonexperimental design in which all participants are tested prior to exposure to a variable of interest and again after exposure

A

One Group Pretest - Posttest Design

188
Q

An inferential statistic that compares a sample mean to a known population mean

A

One Sample T Test

189
Q

A hypothesis stating the direction (higher or lower) in which a sample statistic will differ from the population or another group

A

One Tailed Hypothesis

190
Q

The inferential statistical test used to analyze data from a multiple groups design

A

One Way Analysis of Variance (One Way ANOVA)

191
Q

Item on a scale that required the respondents to generate their own answers

A

Open - Ended Response Format

192
Q

The explicit explanation of a variable in terms of how it is measured or manipulated

A

Operational Definition

193
Q

Numbers on a scale are ordered in sequence

A

Order

194
Q

A confound that occurs when the order of each treatment condition cannot be separated from the condition

A

Order Effect

195
Q

A scale of measurement with numbers that have order so that each number is greater or less than other numbers but the interval between the numbers is not equal

  • Also called rankings
A

Ordinal Scale

196
Q

The variable that is predicted, and a term used instead of DV in a correlational design

A

Outcome

197
Q

Responses or observations that deviate greatly from the rest of the data

A

Outliers

198
Q

No attempts are made to hide the observation

A

Overt Observation

199
Q

See dependent samples t test

A

Paired Samples T Test

200
Q

Statistics from a population

A

Parameters

201
Q

Statistics used to analyze interval and ratio data and that assume a normal distribution and homogeneity or variance between groups

A

Parametric Statistics

202
Q

Randomly assigning participants to different sequences of conditions so that each condition is represented in each order an equal number of times but not all sequences are represented

A

Partial Counterbalancing

203
Q

The effect size for a dependent multiple group design that removes the variability unique to individual participants from the error term

A

Partial Eta Squared (n2 Partial)

204
Q

The researcher or observer becomes actively involved in the situation

A

Participant Observation

205
Q

Statistic used to describe a linear relationship between two interval/ratio measures

  • Describes the direction (positive or negative) and strength (between +1 - 1.0) of the relationship
A

Pearson’s r (or Pearson’s Product - Moment Correlation Coeffecient)

206
Q

Process in which scholarly works are reviewed by other experts in the field

A

Peer Review

207
Q

The proportion of a score within the sample

A

Percentage

208
Q

The percentage of the distribution that scored below a specific score

A

Percentile

209
Q

The statistic used to assess the effect size when a 2x2 test for independence is significant

  • It is interpreted as the percentage of variability accounted for in the frequency of one variable by knowing its relationship with a second variable
A

Phi Squared (02)

210
Q

Systematic changes to participants’ or subjects’ physical functioning

A

Physiological Manipulations

211
Q

A preliminary study with a small sample to test measures and procedures

A

Pilot Study

212
Q

A treatment or substance that in and of itself has no therapeutic effect, such as a sugar pill

A

Placebo

213
Q

A normal distribution that is relatively spread out and flat

A

Platykurtic Curve

214
Q

Describes the relationship between a dichotomous variable and an interval/ratio variable; interpreted similarly to a pearson correlation coeffecient

A

Point - Biserial Correlation Coeffecient (rpb)

215
Q

Estimate of the total variance for a sample of scores computed by combining and weighing by their respective n the variances of the two groups making up the sample

A

Pooled Variance

216
Q

Works designed to entertain or educate and that were written for those who do not necessarily have any expertise in the topic area

A

Popular Works

217
Q

The group that a researcher is interested in examining defined by specific characteristic such as residency, occupation, gender or age

A

Population

218
Q

A relationship where scores on two variables move in the same direction (both either increase or decrease)

A

Positive Correlation

219
Q

One or a few positive scores skew the distribution in the positive direction, but most of the scores cluster on the negative end of the scale

A

Positive Skew

220
Q

The lowest and highest scores possible for the measurement instrument

A

Possible Minimum and Maximum Scores

221
Q

Additional analysis when you find statistically significant results when comparing three or more groups

  • Sometimes also performed when you find a statistically significant interaction
A

Post Hoc Test

222
Q

The ability to reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, false

A

Power

223
Q

The usefulness or everyday impact of results

A

Practical Significance

224
Q

A confound that occurs when participants’ scores change due to repeating a task rather than because of the level of the IV

A

Practice Effect

225
Q

Positive relationship between scale scores and a future behavior that is related to the construct assessed by the scale

A

Predictive Validity

226
Q

The variable that is used to predict the value of another variable, and a term used instead of IV in a correlational design

A

Predictor Variable

227
Q

Process of identifying those who have characteristics that the researcher wants to include or exclude in the study

A

Prescreening

228
Q

How common or widespread a behavior attitude, characteristic, or within a specific time period

A

Prevalence

229
Q

Report of the method and results or an original research study (ie, primary research source) that is published in an academic journal

A

Primary Research Article (or Empirical Journal Article)

230
Q

The authors report the results of an original research study that they conducted

A

Primary Research Source

231
Q

Process of obtaining a study sample using random selection

A

Probability Sampling (or Random Sampling)

232
Q

Nonnumerical Assessment

A

Qualitative Measure

233
Q

Numerical measure

A

Quantitative measure

234
Q

A design with two or more quasi IVs, meaning that the IVs are manipulated but participants are not randomly assigned to IV conditions

A

Quasi - Experimental Factorial Design

235
Q

Research design that includes a key characteristic of an experiment, namely, manipulation of a variable

  • However, it does not have all the requirements for an experiment in that there is no random assignment to the levels of the manipulated variable
  • Because there is no random assignment, a quasi experiment cannot demonstrate causation
A

Quasi Experimental Research (Quasi Experimental Design) (Quasi Experiment)

236
Q

A document, presented in hard copy or on the computer, consisting of items that assess one or more constructs

A

Questionnaire

237
Q

A type of nonprobability sampling that results in the sample representing key subpopulations based on characteristics such as age, gender and ethnicity

A

Quota Sampling

238
Q

Process of assigning participants to IV conditions (or order of conditions) that is based on chance

A

Random Assignment

239
Q

In experiments where the participants experience all levels of the IV, the participants all have an equal chance of experiencing the IV levels in a certain order

A

Random Assignment to Order of Conditions

240
Q

Randomly assigning each participant to one of the possible sequences of conditions without concern about order or sequence

  • Used when you have a larger number of sequences than participants
A

Randomized Partial Counterbalancing

241
Q

A process of selecting a sample in which all members of a population or a subpopulation have an equal chance of being selected

A

Random Selection

242
Q

A selected member of the population is removed from the pool of possible participants so that any member may be selected into the sample only once

A

Random Selection Without Replacement

243
Q

A selected member of the population is returned to the pool of possible participants so that any member may be selected into the sample more than once

A

Random Selection with Replacement

244
Q

The distance between the observed maximum and minimum scores

A

Range

245
Q

A nonparametric test used to analyze ordinal data from two independent groups when at least one of the groups has more than twenty

A

Rank Sums Test

246
Q

A numerical rating of a particular quality

A

Rating Scale

247
Q

A scale of measurement where values measure quantity and have order, equal intervals, and a true zero

A

Ratio Scale

248
Q

How long it takes a participant to respond to a stimulus

A

Reaction Time

249
Q

Area of sampling distribution generally defined by the mean +/-2 SD or 95% of the distribution; results falling in this region imply that our sample belongs to the sampling distribution defined by the H0 and result in the researcher retaining the H0

A

Region of Acceptance

250
Q

The extreme 5% (generally) of a sampling distribution; results falling in this area imply that our sample does not belong to the sampling distribution defined by the H0 and result in the researcher rejecting the H0 and accepting the Ha

A

Region of Rejection

251
Q

Equation that describes the relationship between two variables and allows us to predict Y from X

A

Regression Equation

252
Q

Consistency of findings or measures

A

Reliability

253
Q

How consistent the results are across similar studies

A

Reliability of a Study

254
Q

See within subjects ANOVA

A

Repeated Measures ANOVA

255
Q

A design where participants experience every condition in a study

  • In an experiment, they are also randomly assigned to the order of conditions
A

Repeated Measures Design (or Within Subjects Design)

256
Q

Conducting the same study with new participants (literal replication) or conducting a study examining the same patterns or relationships but with different methods (conceptual replication)

A

Replication

257
Q

The type of response, either participant generated or choice from among listed options, required by items on a questionnaire

A

Response Format

258
Q

The manipulation is removed and the individual returns to a baseline phase

A

Reversal

259
Q

A subset of the population from which data are collected

A

Sample

260
Q

The process by which a sample is selected

A

Sampling

261
Q

When some members of a population are overrepresented in the sample

A

Sampling Bias

262
Q

A distribution of some statistic obtained from multiple samples of the same size drawn from the same population

A

Sampling Distribution

263
Q

The score that is computed from items assessing a particular construct, most commonly by a sum or average of the numbers representing responses to individual items in the document

A

Scale Score

264
Q

A graph of the data points created by participant scores on two measures; each data point represents a score on the X variable and a score on the Y variable

A

Scatterplot (or Scattergram)

265
Q

Systematic changes to a scenario

A

Scenario Manipulations

266
Q

Works designed to advance knowledge in a field, written by someone with expertise in that field, that cite and build upon other scholarly sources

A

Scholarly Works

267
Q

Research data that were collected by one researcher or group but analyzed by a different researcher or group

A

Secondary Data

268
Q

The authors review research but do not report results of an original study

A

Secondary Research Source

269
Q

There is a set of core questions or topics that the interviewer will follow, but may prompt for more information, ask follow up questions, or clarify questions at the interviewer deems necessary

A

Semi Structured Interviews

270
Q

The ability of a measurement instrument to detect differences

A

Sensitivity

271
Q

Population standard deviation

A

Sigma

272
Q

A study investigating the effect of a manipulated IV with two conditions on a DV
- The IV is nominal scale and the DV is interval or ratio

A

Simple Experiment

273
Q

Procedure in which each participant is assigned to one level of the IV so that every participant has an equal chance of experiencing any of the IV levels

A

Simple Random Assignment

274
Q

A type of probability sampling in which every single member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

A

Simple Random Sampling

275
Q

Quantitative investigation of a cause and effect relationship within a single case

A

Single N Design

276
Q

A non normal distribution that is asymmetrical, with scores clustering on one side of the distribution and a long tail on the other side

A

Skewed Distribution

277
Q

A number that indicates the degree of skewness in a distribution

A

Skewness Statistic (G1)

278
Q

Describes the role of change in Y with each unit of change in X (or the incline of the line of best fit), designated by “b” in the regression equation

A

Slope

279
Q

A series of single N designs

A

Small N Designs

280
Q

A nonprobability sampling strategy in which participants recruit others into the sample

A

Snowball Sampling

281
Q

Participants may respond based on how they want to be perceived or what is socially acceptable

A

Social Desirability Bias

282
Q

A commonly used nonparametric statistic that analyzes the relationship or correlation between two ordinal variables

A

Spearman’s Rho (rs)

283
Q

In a dependent design, the assumption that the variances of the differences between all the combinations of pairs of groups are equal

A

Sphericity

284
Q

Correlations between the responses to half the items on a scale to the other half (usually even numbered items correlated with odd numbered items)

  • Values of .70 or higher are considered to denote acceptable reliability
A

Split Half Reliability

285
Q

A measure of the effect size for the independent samples t test, providing the percentage of variance in the outcome (or DV) accounted for by the predictor (or IV)

A

Squared Point Biseral Correlation (rpb2)

286
Q

A baseline that displays no trend (or slope) and little variability and therefore allows for prediction of future behavior

A

Stable Baseline

287
Q

A single number that summarizes the degree to which scores differ from the mean

A

Standard Deviation (SD)

288
Q

The average variability in a sampling distribution of differences between means

A

Standard Error of the Difference Between the Means (SD x-x)

289
Q

Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means

A

Standard Error of the Means (Ox)

290
Q

Average difference between the predicted Y values for each X from the actual Y values

A

(SY1)

291
Q

Standard deviation of the differences for a sampling distribution of mean differences; estimated from the standard deviation of difference scores in a dependent samples study

A

Standard Error of the Mean Differences (SDd)

292
Q

When the results of a study fall in the extreme 5% (or 1% if you use a more stringent criterion) of the sampling distribution, suggesting that the obtained findings are not due to chance alone and do not belong to the sampling distribution defined by the H0

A

Statistical Significance

293
Q

A process to reduce the likelihood that the results were obtained by chance alone

A

Statistical Significance Testing

294
Q

Procedure in which the researcher identifies strata of participants based on key characteristics, then uses random assignment so that each member of each stratum has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the IV conditions

A

Stratified Random Assignment

295
Q

A type of probability sampling that results in the sample representing key subpopulations based on characteristics such as age, gender, and ethnicity

A

Stratified Random Sampling

296
Q

All questions, follow up questions, and responses by the interviewer are determined beforehand to ensure that all the participants have a very similar experience

A

Structured Interviews

297
Q

A portion of subgroup of the population

A

Subpopulation

298
Q

The sum of the squared deviations of treatment group means from the mean for the entire sample

A

Sum of Squares Between Groups (SSB)

299
Q

The numerator of the variance created by adding the squared differences in the scores of individual participants across different conditions in a dependent design

A

Sum of Squares Subjects (SSs)

300
Q

The sum of the squared deviations of each participant from the mean of their group

A

Sum of Squares Within Groups (SSw)

301
Q

Interviews or questionnaires in which participants report on their attitudes and behaviors

A

Survey Research

302
Q

How long it takes to complete a task

A

Task Completion Time

303
Q

An educated prediction that can be disproven

A

Testable Hypothesis

304
Q

A measure of the stability of scores on a scale over time

A

Test Retest Reliability

305
Q

Confounds that must be controlled so that a cause - effect relationship can be demonstrated; Campbell and Stanley (1963) identified the threats of…

A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Statistical Regression
F. Selection
G. Morality
H. Selection Interactions
A

Threats to Internal Validity

306
Q

See between groups variance

A

Treatment Variance

307
Q

Pattern of change in prevalence over time

A

Trend

308
Q

The score of zero on a scale is a fixed point

A

True Zero (or Absolute Zero)

309
Q

A popular post hoc test that is more conservative than most tests; it must be used with equal n and computes the least significant difference that is significant between means

A

Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) Test

310
Q

A hypothesis stating that results from a sample will differ from the population of another group but without stating how the results will differ

A

Two Tailed Hypothesis

311
Q

An analysis of variance test appropriate for designs with two independent factors and an interval or ratio outcome

A

Two Way Between Subjects ANOVA

312
Q

An analysis of variance test appropriate for designs with one independent factor, one dependent factor, and an interval or ratio outcome

A

Two Way Mixed ANOVA

313
Q

An analysis of variance test appropriate for designs with two dependent factors and an interval or ratio outcome

A

Two Way Within Subjects ANOVA

314
Q

The probability of rejecting a true H0; defined by the probability of the significance level of your findings

A

Type I Error

315
Q

The probability of incorrectly retaining a false H0

A

Type II Error

316
Q

A non normal distribution in which all scores or ratings have the same frequency

A

Uniform Distrbution

317
Q

Measure that is made of behaviors or situations without disturbing the naturally occurring behavior or situation in order to reduce changes that might occur if there was awareness of measurement

A

Unobtrusive Measure

318
Q

Accuracy of findings or measures

A

Validity

319
Q

The degree to which scores differ from each other in the sample

A

Variability

320
Q

A factor in a research study that has two or more possible values

A

Variable

321
Q

The average of the squared difference between the mean and scores in a distribution, or the standard deviation squared

A

Variance (SD2)

322
Q

A nonstatistical technique in which patterns of the A and B phases are compared

A

Visual Inspection

323
Q

A control group in an experiment that is promised the same treatment as the experimental group after the experimental group has completed treatment and both groups have been assessed

A

Waitlist Control

324
Q

A nonparametric test used to analyze ordinal data collected from two dependent groups

A

Wilcoxon T Test

325
Q

The variability among the scores of participants created by individual or participant differences even under the same conditions

  • Researchers attempt to reduce this type of variability
A

Within Groups (Error) Variance

326
Q

The statistical test used to analyze dependent multiple groups design

A

Within Subjects ANOVA (or Repeated Measures ANOVA) (or Dependent Groups One Way ANOVA)

327
Q

See dependent samples t test

A

Within Subjects T Test

328
Q

Formula for a linear regression equation

A

Y1 = bx + a

329
Q

The point at which a line of best fit crosses the y axis, designated as “a” in the regression equation

A

Y Predicted (Y1)

330
Q

A standardized score based on the standard deviation of the distribution

A

Z Scores

Psychology Research And Statistics I (1 decks)

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