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GCSE Computer Science (OCR) > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

A

Performs operations on data e.g. Addition and subtraction

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2
Q

Control Unit (CU)

A

Coordinating activities of the CPU

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3
Q

Registers

A

Quick and small stores of data within the CPU

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4
Q

Memory Address Register (MAR)

A

Holds memory address for data or a instruction about to be used by the CPU

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5
Q

Memory Data Register (MDR)

A

Holds actual data or instruction

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6
Q

Accumulator

A

Stores results of calculations in the ALU

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7
Q

Program Counter (PC)

A

Holds memory address of the instruction for each cycle

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8
Q

Fetch

A

The next instruction is retrieved by CPU from main memory

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9
Q

Decode

A

The instruction is broken down and decided so computer can understand

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10
Q

Execute

A

The CPU performs what the instructions told

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11
Q

Embedded System

A

A computer system built within a large device e.g. Camera/washer/car

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12
Q

Volatile

A

Memory loses its data when power of

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13
Q

Non-volatile

A

Memory retains its data when power is lost

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14
Q

Random Access Memory (RAM)

A

Read/write - function is to load open programs and operating system data currently in use - volatile

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15
Q

Read Only Memory (ROM)

A

Can only be read and can’t be changed - stores essential programs to be run in order to boot the computer - non-volatile

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16
Q

Cache

A

A type memory that stores copies of frequently used data - much faster than RAM - lower capacity - closer to CPU

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17
Q

Buses

A

Collection of wires that carry signals between various components of the computer system

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18
Q

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A

Processes all of the data and instructions that make the system work - can be effected by clock speed/number of cores/cache size

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19
Q

Clock speed

A

How fast the computer does the FDE cycle

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20
Q

virtual memory

A

A memory management procedure needed when the RAM is full so a temporary section is made which acts like a part of RAM

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21
Q

Flash memory

A

Solid state storage - non-volatile - more reliable/durable but can only be overwritten a limited number of times

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22
Q

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

A

Handles graphics and image processing

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23
Q

Optical storage

A

CD - DVD - Blue-ray ADV: cheap - easy to transport DIS: slow - less storage than hard drives - stored data degrades over time - cannot be written over

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24
Q

Magnetic storage

A

Hard drives ADV: fast access - stores large amounts of data - low cost DIS: not very portable - easily be broken

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25
Q

Solid State storage

A

USB - flash memory - SD ADV: fast - small - light - easily portable - quiet DIS: more expensive - storage capacity less - limited number erase/write cycles

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26
Q

Cloud stotage

A

Data is stored on multiple servers in a remote location ADV: secure - can be accessed anywhere - no need to buy DIS: needs internet - download and upload can be effected by internet connection - less control if data is held

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27
Q

Operating System

A

essential software that links the hardware and other software together and generally manages the computer system

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28
Q

Command-line Interface

A

Text commands where user has to type in command

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29
Q

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

A

uses icons and other visual indicators to navigate and issue commands

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30
Q

Utility Software

A

maintains a computer

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31
Q

Defragmentation Software

A

reorganises data on the hard drive to put fragmented files back together and moves files to collect all the free space

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32
Q

Backup Software

A

Full Backup - a copy is taken from from every file on the system

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33
Q

Incremental Backup

A

only files created or edited since last backup are copied

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34
Q

Compression Software

A

reduces file size so they take up less space on hard disk

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35
Q

Encryption Software

A

scrambles data to stop others from accessing it

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36
Q

Open Source Software

A

source code is made freely available and users can modify it ADV: free - made for greater good - can be adapted DIS: small - buggy - security holes - no warranties - no customer support

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37
Q

Proprietary Software

A

only the compiled code is released and the source code is kept a secret ADV: warranties - well-tested - reliable - cheaper DIS: expensive - software may not fit user needs

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38
Q

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A

within the range of an individual person

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39
Q

Local Area Network (LAN)

A

a network that connects devices close to each other e.g. school and house

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40
Q

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A

a network within a large geographical area e.g. internet

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41
Q

Bandwidth

A

amount of data that can be transferred in a given time

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42
Q

Network Interface Card (NIC)

A

allow a device to connect to a network

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43
Q

Switch

A

connect devices on a LAN

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44
Q

Router

A

responsible for transmitting data between networks

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45
Q

Protocol

A

a set of standards/rules for connecting computers

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46
Q

Client-server Network

A

client has connection to server - servers can backup and store centrally but can be expensive and difficult to maintain

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47
Q

Peer-to-peer Network

A

no central server - each computer equal in responsibility - have to work as both server and a client.

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48
Q

Star Topology

A

ADV: better performance - rest of network not affected in one fails - simple to add more devices DIS: wire needed for all devices - expensive

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49
Q

Mesh Topology

A

ADV: faster DIS: expensive

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50
Q

MAC Address

A

assigned to all devices - unique to all devises and cannot be changed - permanent - identifies the actual device.

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51
Q

IP Adress

A

assigned either manually or automatic - the location of your device on the internet

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52
Q

Packet Switching

A

split data into packets to be sent across the network - each packet given a number order of data - each router reads packet header and decides which way to send it according to IP rules - packets then arrive and reassemble them in the right order.

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53
Q

TCP/IP

A

sets of rules for how devices connect on the network.

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54
Q

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

A

used to access websites and communicate with web servers

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55
Q

HTTPS

A

more secure - encryption

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56
Q

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A

used to access - edit and move files between devices

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57
Q

Post Office Protocol (POP3)

A

used to retrieve emails from a server - holds until download - then deletes from server

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58
Q

Internet Message Access (IMAP)

A

used to retrieve emails - server holds until you actually delete it - only download a copy

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59
Q

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

A

used to send emails - used to transfer emails between servers

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60
Q

Layer

A

ADV: manageable pieces - self-contained can change without effecting others

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61
Q

Application Layer

A

turning data into websites

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62
Q

Transport Layer

A

controlling data flow - splitting data into packets

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63
Q

Network Layer

A

making connections between networks

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64
Q

Data link Layer

A

passing data over physical network-

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65
Q

Domain Name Server (DNS)

A

translates websites’ domain name into its IP address

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66
Q

Virtual Network

A

network that is entirely software based - created by partitioning of some physical network

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67
Q

Blagging

A

invented scenario to engage a targeted victim in a manner that increases the chance the victim will divulge information

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68
Q

Phishing

A

used to gain personal information for purposes of identity theft - using fraudulent e-mail messages that appear to come from legitimate businesses.

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69
Q

Shouldering

A

used to obtain information such as personal identification numbers (PINs) and passwords and other confidential data by looking over the victim’s shoulder.

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70
Q

Malware

A

malicious software - computer programs designed to infiltrate and damage computers without the users consent.

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71
Q

Virus

A

program loaded onto a user’s computer without the user’s knowledge and performs malicious actions. It can self-replicate - inserting itself onto other programs or files - infecting them in the process.

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72
Q

Worm

A

program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers. Often it uses a computer network to spread itself - relying on security failures on the target computer to access it.

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73
Q

Trojan Horse

A

program which misleads users of its true intent.

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74
Q

Spyware

A

aims to gather information about a person or organization without their knowledge

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75
Q

Adware

A

unwanted advertisements to the user of a computer

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76
Q

Brute Force Attack

A

trail and error to gain information

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77
Q

Denial of Service Attack (DOS)

A

hacker stop users from accessing a part of a network - flooding network with useless traffic making computer very slow

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78
Q

Data Interception And Theft

A

The unauthorized taking or interception of computer-based information. Data theft is the act of stealing computer-based information from an unknowing victim with the intent of compromising privacy or obtaining confidential information.

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79
Q

SQL Injection

A

sql

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80
Q

Zero-day Attack

A

before software is released it is tested as much as possible

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81
Q

Penetration Testing

A

organisations employ specialists to stimulate potential attacks on their network

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82
Q

Anti-malware Software

A

designed to find and stop malware from damaging a network

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83
Q

Encryption

A

data is translated into code which only someone with the correct key can access

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84
Q

Data Protection Act

A

your data should be protected and kept safe from hackers

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85
Q

Freedom of Information Act

A

allows members of the public to access information held by a public organisation

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86
Q

Computer Misuse Act

A

stop hacking and cyber crime - stop unauthorized access to private network

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87
Q

Copyright Act

A

protect intellectual property - anything someone has created

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88
Q

alphanumeric

A

collective name for letters/digits/symbols

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89
Q

analogue signal

A

a continuous signal which can’t be processed by a computer

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90
Q

argument

A

a value that a parameter of a subprogram actually takes

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91
Q

ALU

A

part of CPU that carries out arithmetic and Boolean operations

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92
Q

array

A

data structure where all data is stored and defined under one variable name

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93
Q

ASCII

A

A 7-bit character set consisting of 128 characters

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94
Q

assembler

A

a program that turns assembly language into machine code

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95
Q

assembly language

A

low-level langauge

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96
Q

authentication

A

a process for checking user identity

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97
Q

binary

A

a counting system using base-2 consisting of 0s and 1s

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98
Q

binary shift

A

moving the bits in a binary number left or right and filling gaps with 0s

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99
Q

BIOS

A

Basic Input Output System

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100
Q

bitmap image

A

a graphic made up of pixels

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101
Q

bit

A

a binary digit either 0 or 1

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102
Q

bit rate

A

number of bits used per second of sampled audio

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103
Q

breakpoint

A

a programming tool used to halt a program at a specific place

104
Q

byte

A

8 bits

105
Q

casting

A

a way of changing from one data type to another

106
Q

character

A

a single alphanumeric symbol

107
Q

code editor

A

part of an IDE where you write and edit your source code

108
Q

colour depth

A

the number of bits used for each pixel in an image file

109
Q

comment

A

a note added to source code to say what part of a program does

110
Q

comparison operator

A

compares two values and outputs either true or false

111
Q

compiled code

A

an executable file created by a compiler

112
Q

compiler

A

a programming tool to translate source code into machine code

113
Q

compression

A

process of making the size of a file smaller

114
Q

computational thinking

A

tackling a problem through decomposition/abstraction/algorithmic thinking

115
Q

concatenation

A

joining strings together

116
Q

constant

A

named value which cannot be altered as program is running

117
Q

debugging

A

identifying and fixing errors in a program

118
Q

dedicated system

A

a computer system designed to carry out a specific task

119
Q

denary

A

system using base-10

120
Q

digital signal

A

the representation of an analogue signal using binary data

121
Q

DO WHILE loop

A

type of iteration statement

122
Q

erroneous data

A

test data that a program isn’t designed to accept

123
Q

error diagnostics

A

information about an error once it is detected

124
Q

extended ASCII

A

an 8-bit character set consisting of 256 characters

125
Q

extreme data

A

Test data on the boundary of what a program will accept

126
Q

field

A

A column of a database used to store a category of data

127
Q

file handling

A

reading from and writing to external files

128
Q

file sharing

A

copying files between services of work

129
Q

final/terminal testing

A

when the testing stage of the software developing cycle is only done once to check the software.

130
Q

flat-file database

A

A database that only contains one table of data

131
Q

flow diagram

A

a graphical way of showing an algorithm

132
Q

FOR loop

A

A type of count-controlled iteration statement

133
Q

functionality testing

A

A type of testing that assesses how well a program meets the requirements

134
Q

function

A

A sub program that takes parameters and returns a value

135
Q

Gigabyte

A

1000 megabytes

136
Q

global variable

A

a variable available throughout the whole program

137
Q

GPU

A

A circuit for handling the processing of graphics and images

138
Q

GUI

A

Allows the user to interact with the computer in a visual and intuitive way

139
Q

GUI builder

A

an IDE tool for giving a program a graphical user interface

140
Q

hexadecimal

A

a counting system using base-16 consisting of 0-9 digits and letters a-f

141
Q

high-level language

A

A programming language like C++ or Java

142
Q

IF statement

A

type of selection statement

143
Q

indentation

A

Spaces put at the beginning of a line of code to help show a programs structure

144
Q

input sanitization

A

removing unwanted characters from an input

145
Q

input validation

A

Checking that an input meets a certain criteria

146
Q

integer

A

A numerical data type for whole numbers

147
Q

interpreter

A

A translator that turns source code into machine code

148
Q

iteration statement

A

A statement which make a program repeat a series of instructions

149
Q

iterative testing

A

Repeated testing done during the development of a program

150
Q

kilobyte

A

1024 bytes

151
Q

linker

A

a program tool which can combine codes

152
Q

local variable

A

a variable that is only defined and useable within certain parts of a program

153
Q

logic circuit

A

An electronic circuit for performing logic operations on binary data

154
Q

logic error

A

when a program does something that was not intended

155
Q

logic gate

A

an electronic circuit component that performs a Boolean operation

156
Q

loop

A

A set of instructions that repeat until a condition is met

157
Q

lossless compression

A

Temporarily removing a file to decrease file size

158
Q

lossy compression

A

permanently removing a file to decrease file size

159
Q

machine code

A

the lowest level of programming language formed of 1’s and 0’s

160
Q

maintainability

A

a characteristic of a defensive design that helps programmers modify their creation

161
Q

megabyte

A

1024 kilobytes

162
Q

metadata

A

extra data stored in a file which gives information about the file’s properties

163
Q

Bit

A

one binary number (1 or 0)

164
Q

Nibble

A

4 bits

165
Q

real (or float)

A

numbers that have a decimal part

166
Q

Boolean

A

can only take one of two values (usually TRUE or FALSE)

167
Q

string

A

used to represent text/collection of characters

168
Q

decomposition

A

breaking a complex problem down into smaller problems and solving each one individually

169
Q

abstraction

A

picking out important bits of information from the problem

170
Q

algorithmic thinking

A

a logical way of getting from the problem to the solution

171
Q

decisions

A

diamond boxes - flow diagram

172
Q

start/stop

A

box with rounded corners - flow diagram

173
Q

inputs/outputs

A

parallelogram - flow diagram

174
Q

processes (instructions/calculations/processes)

A

rectangle - flow diagram

175
Q

sub routine (reference other flow diagrams)

A

box with another boxes - flow diagram

176
Q

sequences

A

only one way from start to finish

177
Q

selections

A

multiple ways to get from start to finish

178
Q

iterations

A

loops that allows to repeat a task

179
Q

exponentiation

A

raise a number to a power

180
Q

DIV operator

A

returns whole number part of division

181
Q

MOD operator

A

returns remainder part of division

182
Q

==

A

is equal to

183
Q

<> or !=

A

is not equal to

184
Q
A

is less than

185
Q

>

A

is greater than

186
Q

<=

A

is less than or equal to

187
Q

> =

A

is greater than or equal to

188
Q

comparison values

A

produce boolean value

189
Q

x.upper

A

changes all characters in string x to upper case

190
Q

x.lower

A

changes all characters in string x to lower case

191
Q

x.length

A

returns number of character in string x

192
Q

x[i]

A

extracts the character in position i from string x

193
Q

x.subString(a[comma]b)

A

extracts string starting at portion a with length b from string x

194
Q

switch-case statements

A

check value of a variable

195
Q

for loops

A

example of a count-controlled loop

196
Q

AND

A

&&

197
Q

OR

A

|

198
Q

NOT

A

!

199
Q

element

A

each piece of data inside array

200
Q

records

A

rows of tables in databases - store a category

201
Q

fields

A

columns of tables in databases - story details about specific item

202
Q

primary key

A

uniquely identifies record in table (database)

203
Q

data values in same record

A

have different data types

204
Q

data values in same field

A

have same data types

205
Q

flat file database

A

only one table - viewed by opening one data file

206
Q

relational database

A

combine flat-file databases - linked together by key fields

207
Q

SQL definition

A

programming language used for creating, maintaining and accessing databases

208
Q

SQL function

A

create/update/query databases - consists of standard commands called statements

209
Q

Text - SQL data types

A

stores strings

210
Q

Date - SQL data types

A

stores date in the form DD MM YYYY

211
Q

Boolean - SQL data types

A

stores TRUE or FALSE

212
Q

CREATE TABLE - SQL command

A

creates table with required number of fields

213
Q

INSERT INTO - SQL command

A

adds records to table (complete records no specific field vs specific record assign field)

214
Q

UPDATE-SET-WHERE - SQL command

A

updates record in database

215
Q

SELECT - SQL command

A

tells database what information you want to achieve

216
Q

FROM - SQL command

A

tells database which tables to look in

217
Q

WHERE - SQL command

A

specifies condition that a record must satisfy before it is returned

218
Q

WHERE with AND and OR - SQL command

A

makes search more specific

219
Q

WHERE with LIKE - SQL command

A

searches for a pattern

220
Q

LIKE - SQL command

A

% used to represent any combination of letters and numbers

221
Q

ORDER BY - SQL command

A

sort records into ascending (ASC) or descending (DESC) order

222
Q

parameters

A

special variables used to pass values into a sub program (specify name/data type/default value)

223
Q

arguments

A

actual values that parameters take when sub program called

224
Q

total number of colours

A

2^n (where n = number of bits per pixel)

225
Q

24 bit colour depth

A

average device colour depth

226
Q

resolution

A

density of the pixels in an image

227
Q

bit rate equation

A

sampling frequency x sample size

228
Q

range check - input validation

A

checks the data is within a specified range

229
Q

presence check - input validation

A

checks data has been entered

230
Q

check digit - input validation

A

checks numerical data has been entered accurately

231
Q

format check - input validation

A

checks data has correct format

232
Q

look-up table - input validation

A

checks data against a table of acceptable values

233
Q

length check - input validation

A

checks data is correct length

234
Q

syntax errors

A

rules or grammar of programming language is not followed so compiler or interpreter doesn’t understand

235
Q

logic errors

A

when compiler or interpreter is able to run program but program does something unexpected

236
Q

diagnosing logic errors

A

found through general use of program and by systematically testing

237
Q

performance test

A

tests how quickly certain features run and their impact on computer resources

238
Q

usability test

A

tests how user-friendly the interface and features are

239
Q

security test

A

tests vulnerability to attacks and how securely data is stored

240
Q

load/stress test

A

tests how it copes under extreme conditions

241
Q

functionality test

A

tests if program meets initial requirements

242
Q

software development cycle

A

requirements - design - implementation - testing - maintenance

243
Q

normal data

A

data that user is likely to input

244
Q

assemblers

A

turn assembly language into machine code

245
Q

AND - Conjunction

A

e.g. A /\ B

246
Q

OR - Disjunction

A

e.g. A\/B

247
Q

NOT - Negation

A

e.g. -|A

248
Q

What does SQL stand for?

A

Structured Query Language

249
Q

What does SQL allow people to do?

A

Allows people to search for records that contain a particular item or items of data

250
Q

procedure

A

a set of coded instructions that tell a computer how to run a program or calculation

251
Q

translator

A

converts program code into machine code to be executed by the CPU

252
Q

IDE

A

a software application that provides facilities to computer programmers for software development

253
Q

Character set

A

List of binary codes that can be recognised by computers as being usable characters

254
Q

Sampling frequency

A

Number of samples per second in a sound

255
Q

Sample size

A

a measure of how many bits a sample contains which is directly a measure of quality

256
Q

Ethernet

A

a wired way of connecting computers to a network

GCSE Computer Science (OCR) (15 decks)

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