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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

myotatic reflex (stretch reflex)

A

monosynaptic reflex starting from the muscle spindle and causing contraction of the muscle on stretching

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2
Q

homunculus

A

drawing indicating the representation of different body parts on the somatosensory cortex proportionally to the number of receptors, thus causing distortion of the image

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3
Q

Renshaw neuron

A

inhibitory neuron in the spinal cord excited by a collateral of the alpha motoneuron and providing negative feedback to the motoneuron

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4
Q

peristalsis

A

wormlike movement by which the alimentary canal or other tubular organs having both longitudinal and circular muscle fibers propel their contents

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5
Q

glaucoma

A

eye disease caused by an excessive intraocular pressure due to a disturbance in the production and reabsorption of the aqueous humor

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6
Q

anabolism

A

a part of the intermediary metabolism, syntheses of materials, building up the organism’s own materials

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7
Q

kinocilium

A

long process on the apical surface of the hair cells showing cilium structure in cross section

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8
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

cell-group located in the angular area of the glomerulus and the tubules in the nephrons that produces renin (to regulate ionic milieu and fluid balance through the renin-angiotensin system)

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9
Q

erection

A

the solidification of the penis by being filled up with blood before a sexual act

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10
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

a condition caused by the lack or decreased production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin); symptoms are excessive urination and extreme thirst

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11
Q

Purkinje neuron

A

GABAergic inhibitory neuron providing the main output of the cerebellum

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12
Q

cretinism

A

retarded mental and physical state (dwarfism) caused by a low level of thyroid hormones during development

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13
Q

calcitriol

A

hormone prepared from D2 and D3; increases calcium absorption in the gut and calcium mobilization in the bone, thus increases calcium level in the blood

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14
Q

fenestra ovale

A

membrane covered opening between the cochlea and the middle ear, stapes transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the perilymph through this opening

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15
Q

chief cells

A

pepsinogen producing cells in the stomach

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16
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst and water consumption

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17
Q

ejaculation

A

the forceful removal (ejection) of the sebum through the urethra in the males

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18
Q

gametogenesis

A

production of reproductive cells (gametes) in the reproductive organs (oogenesis, spermatogenesis)

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19
Q

intrinsic factor

A

protein secreted in the stomach, needed for the absorption of B12 vitamin (extrinsic factor)

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20
Q

renin

A

peptid hormone (protease) released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus, transforms angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

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21
Q

ANP

A

atrial natriuretic peptide, secreted in the atrium of the heart, it increases Na+ and urine discharge decreasing blood volume

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22
Q

osteoclast

A

phagocyte digesting bone tissue allowing remodeling of bone

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23
Q

orgasm

A

the highest point of sexual excitement, marked by strong feelings of pleasure and marked normally by ejaculation of semen by the male and by vaginal contractions within the female

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24
Q

P ganglion cell

A

ganglion cell projecting to the parvocellular layer of the corpus geniculatum laterale

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25
Q

semen

A

a mixture of sperm cells and of excretes of different reproductive glands (prostate, vesicula seminalis) which is ejaculated during the sexual intercourse

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26
Q

clearance

A

a functional measure of the kidney function, the plasma volume that is (theoretically) fully cleared of a certain material per a unit of time in the kidneys

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27
Q

secretin

A

produced in the small intestine in response to acid, it increases HCO3- production in the pancreas and inhibits emptying of the stomach

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28
Q

umami

A

the fifth basic taste evoked by peptides, amino acids and most importantly glutamate in the food

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29
Q

inverse myotatic reflex (tendon reflex)

A

bisynaptic reflex starting from the tendon organ; it protects the muscle and tendon by relaxing the muscle, when extreme tension develops

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30
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone, hypothalamic hormone, released from the neurohypophysis, increases water permeability in the collecting duct, thus decreasing urine volume

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31
Q

glucogenic amino-acids

A

amino-acids that can enter into the sugar-metabolic pathways

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32
Q

extrafusal fiber

A

muscle fibers outside the muscle spindle

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33
Q

osteocyte

A

bone cell, osteoblasts are transformed into osteocytes; they are located in small cavities within the bone tissue and keep contact with each other through cytoplasmic processes

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34
Q

hyper- and hypothyreosis

A

over- or underproduction of the thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland, and its symptoms

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35
Q

endopeptidase

A

protease that cuts internal peptide bonds in a peptid chain

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36
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine, the most effective hormone of the thyroid gland

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37
Q

portal circulation

A

capillaries in one organ are collected into larger vessels (veins), enter the other organ through a narrow entrance (port) and form a second capillary bed to release substances carried from the first organ (e.g. gastrointestinal tract - liver, hypothalamus - hypophysis)

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38
Q

aldosterone

A

steroid hormone of the adrenal gland, increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidney and at other places

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39
Q

polyuria

A

the excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine

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40
Q

macrosmatic

A

animal with superior olfactory abilities

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41
Q

corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens)

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42
Q

tubular maximum

A

a rate limit of transport proteins (maximal transport capacity) in the kidney tubules above which only a portion of the given material is reabsorbed (e.g. glucose in the proximal tubule)

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43
Q

lipases

A

enzymes in the pancreatic juice that digest lipids (fat)

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44
Q

mineralization

A

(calcification) osteoid tissue becomes bone tissue by the precipitation of calcium salts

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45
Q

podocyte

A

epithelial cell type in the Bowman’s capsule attached to the basal membrane of the glomerulus, filtrate passes between its foot like processes into the tubules of the nephron

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46
Q

climacteric

A

(ending) cessation and termination of the female reproductive activity; a natural physiological procedure

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47
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone produced by C cells in the thyroid gland; inhibits osteoclast activity, thus decreases calcium level in the blood

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48
Q

blind spot (optic disc)

A

the spot on the retina, where the axons of the ganglion cells and blood vessels penetrate the wall of the eyeball; no receptor cells are found here

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49
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

estimation of the heat produced by an organism by measuring oxygen consumption and respiratory differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air

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50
Q

Sertoli-cells

A

cells in the wall of the tubules in the testis with a crucial role in the maturation of sperm cells

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51
Q

alkalosis

A

higher than normal pH level, i.e. accumulation of base in the body

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52
Q

Langerhans’ islets

A

hormone producing (endocrine) cell-groups of the pancreas

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53
Q

muscle tone

A

continuous, slight contraction of the skeletal muscles important in the maintenance of the posture

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54
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

ring of muscles separating the esophagus from the stomach

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55
Q

amylases

A

enzymes that digest carbohydrates (in the saliva or pancreatic juice)

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56
Q

absorption

A

transport of the digested nutrients (amino-acids, sugars, fatty-acids) from the lumen of the intestine to the blood vessels across the intestinal wall

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57
Q

receptive field

A

part of the environment or body (visual field, skin, etc.) from which the activity of the examined element of the sensory system can be changed // particular region of sensory space (visual field, skin, etc.) in which a stimulus will modify the firing of the sensory neuron

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58
Q

neurohemal-organ

A

organs of neuronal origin in that store hormones (usually secreted by other neurons (e.g. neurohypophysis)

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59
Q

lipogenesis

A

synthesis of neutral fat from fatty-acids and glycerol

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60
Q

lipoprotein lipase

A

enzyme in the capillary wall catalyzing cleavage of fatty acids from lipids in lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc.)

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61
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

auxiliary olfactory organ in many animals opening into the nasal or buccal cavity and detecting mainly pheromones

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62
Q

diuresis

A

discharge of urine from the urinary bladder

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63
Q

stimulus adaptation

A

the process in which the effect of the stimulus on the receptor decreases in time

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64
Q

fatty-acid synthesis

A

enzymatic production of long-chained fatty-acids from acetyl-Coenzyme-A (requires NADPH).

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65
Q

ultrafiltration

A

filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys in which water and small organic and inorganic compounds pass the membranes from the plasma to the proximal tubule whereas colloid particles and cells remain unfiltered

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66
Q

melanopsin

A

photopigment contained by the W ganglion cells

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67
Q

villus, villi

A

small, finger-like, vascular processes found densely packed on the inner wall of the gut increasing the absorptive surface

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68
Q

hair cell

A

secondary sensory cell in the inner ear

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69
Q

direct calorimetry

A

measurement of heat actually produced by an organism confined in a sealed chamber or calorimeter

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70
Q

decerebrate rigidity

A

increase of the muscle tone caused by the transsection of the brain stem above the Deiter’s nucleus

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71
Q

thyroglobulin

A

precursor of the thyroid hormones in the acinus of the thyroid gland; a large, iodine containing protein molecule

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72
Q

hermaphroditism

A

mixed male and female characteristics within the same person

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73
Q

exogenous hyperglycemia

A

blood sugar level increases abnormally following carbohydrate consumption

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74
Q

Huntington’s chorea

A

genetic neurological disorder leading to loss of GABAergic and cholinergic cells in the neostriatum leading to jerky, random, uncontrollable movements

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75
Q

adrenarche

A

the adrenal cortex starts to produce androgen hormones at the age of 5-8, causing

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76
Q

catabolism

A

part of the intermediary metabolism, breaking down the absorbed compounds (usually for producing or storing of energy)

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77
Q

nephron

A

functional and anatomical unit of the kidneys; its parts are the glomerulus, proximal- and distal tubules, Henle’s loop and collecting duct

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78
Q

reabsorption

A

backward transport of some ultrafiltrated materials from the tubules to the blood vessels in the kidneys

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79
Q

conjunctiva

A

very sensitive epithelial membrane covering the sclera and lining the inside of the eyelids

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80
Q

RBF

A

(renal blood flow), the amount of blood flowing through the kidneys per unit of time

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81
Q

microsmatic

A

animal with inferior olfactory abilities (i.e. humans)

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82
Q

obligate reabsorption

A

the compulsory reabsorption under any circumstances of a portion of some materials (e.g. water, sodium, glucose) in the proximal tubule of the nephron

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83
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein – lipoprotein in the blood containing “good” cholesterol

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84
Q

respiratory quotient

A

the carbon dioxide output divided by the oxygen uptake

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85
Q

segmentation in small intestine

A

circular muscles in the small intestine contract and relax separating the chyme into smaller pieces

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86
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

nephron located close to the corticomedullary border in the kidney, with long Henle’s loop descending deep in the renal medulla

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87
Q

lipolysis

A

breaking down neutral fats into fatty-acids and glycerol

88
Q

reproductive cycle (or menstrual cycle)

A

regularly recurring changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive organs in females

89
Q

hemidecussation

A

partial crossing of optic fibers in the chiasma opticum ensuring that information collected from the same part of the visual field by the two retinas is analyzed in the same hemisphere

90
Q

circular folds

A

structures in the small intestine increasing surface and slowing down the movement of chyme

91
Q

releasing hormones and factors

A

hormones or hormone-like compounds produced by the parvocellular region of the hypothalamus (hypophysiotropic area) that facilitate adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) hormone production and release

92
Q

gonadotropins or gonadotropins

A

hormones that regulate reproductive functions and production of sexual hormones (e.g. FSH, LH-ICSH, prolactin).

93
Q

glomerulus

A

the functional unit of the kidneys consisting of the Bowman-capsule and of a coiled capillary system

94
Q

intrafusal fiber

A

modified muscle fiber in the muscle spindle

95
Q

cortical nephron

A

the most frequent nephron type located in the cortex of the kidney with short Henle’s loop

96
Q

NAD- (and NADH)

A

co-enzyme that binds hydrogen in the glycolysis and in the citric-acid cycle and carries it to the oxidative phosphorylation

97
Q

transducin

A

G-protein in rods and cones, activated by the photopigment during light detection

98
Q

rhodopsin

A

photopigment of the rods

99
Q

iris

A

circular, pigmented membrane behind the cornea, perforated by the pupil; its contraction regulates the amount of light passing into the eye

100
Q

reflux

A

backward flow of stomach content into the esophagus due mainly to weakness of the cardiac sphincter

101
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscles separating the stomach from the duodenum

102
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the frontal, glandular portion of the hypophysis (anterior pituitary) that produces trophormones

103
Q

Parkinson’s disorder

A

movement disorder caused by the insufficient production and release of dopamine in the neostriatum by dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta; it causes tremor and decreased initiation of movements

104
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (hypophysis) that stores hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons (a neurohemal organ)

105
Q

incretins

A

intestinal hormones increasing insulin secretion

106
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

a procedure in which the liver synthesizes de novo sugars from lactic acid and amino-acids (mainly from blood proteins)

107
Q

receptor potential

A

membrane potential change of the sensory cell in response to the stimulus

108
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation and maturation of the sperms in the testes and accessory male reproductive organs

109
Q

sclera

A

the outermost, white layer of the eyeball

110
Q

citric-acid cycle (Szentgyörgyi-Krebs cycle)

A

final break-down of the two-carbonic compound acetyl-group that comes from either the glycolysis or the fatty-acid metabolism (beta-oxidation); the end-products are carbon-dioxide and reduced co-enzymes

111
Q

epitop

A

characteristic part of the odor molecule that can be detected by a specific 7TM receptor on the apical surface of the olfactory sensory neuron

112
Q

tip link

A

protein structure connecting the tips of the stereocilia; important for the deformation of the membrane and thus for the opening of the K+ channels during bending of the stereocilia

113
Q

dermatome

A

strip-like part of the skin innervated by one spinal segment

114
Q

stimulus threshold

A

minimal energy of stimulus that changes action potential frequency in the primary sensory neuron

115
Q

T4

A

tetraiodothyronine, hormone of the thyroid gland

116
Q

hypoglycemia

A

decreased blood-sugar level

117
Q

calcification

A

(mineralization) osteoid tissue becomes bone tissue by the precipitation of calcium salts

118
Q

parathormone

A

hormone of the parathyroid glands; increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and calcium mobilization in the bone, thus increases calcium level in the blood

119
Q

Weber-Fechner’s law

A

exponential equation showing the relationship between stimulus and response in sensory systems

120
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to simpler compounds usually by bacteria (e.g. fermentation of cellulose in the alimentary canal)

121
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein – lipoprotein in the blood containing “bad” cholesterol

122
Q

RPF

A

(renal plasma flow), the amount of blood plasma flowing through the kidneys per unit of time

123
Q

musculus ciliaris

A

the lens is attached to the ciliary body (ciliary muscles) in the eye, its contraction is needed for accommodation

124
Q

endogenous hyperglycemia

A

blood sugar level is abnormally high without carbohydrate consumption

125
Q

digestion

A

chemical break-down of the nutritive macromolecular polymers (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) into oligomers, dimers and finally monomers.

126
Q

ketogenic amino-acids

A

amino-acids with ketone-like derivatives that cannot enter into the sugar-metabolism

127
Q

hypophysiotropic area

A

parvocellular region of the hypothalamus that regulates the function of the adenohypophysis; releasing and inhibiting factors (hormones) are produced here

128
Q

diuretics

A

drugs that increase the amount of urine and urination

129
Q

ergocalciferol

A

vitamin D2, precursor of calcitriol, a dietary supplement found in certain fish oils and fungi

130
Q

mass peristalsis

A

a fast and powerful peristaltic wave in the large intestine initiated by the sudden distension of the (usually empty) duodenum (frequently results in defecation)

131
Q

optical illusion

A

distortion of visual perception at the cortical level caused by previous experiences

132
Q

basal ganglia

A

collective name for the neostriatum, pallidum, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus, subcortical nuclei involved in motor control

133
Q

osteoporosis

A

weakening of the bones due to a loss of minerals (calcium) and organic components

134
Q

tubule (proximal, distal)

A

small tubes leading from the glomerulus to the collecting duct in the nephron

135
Q

final common pathway

A

skeletal muscles can only be reached through the spinal or brainstem motoneuron

136
Q

color blindness

A

disturbance of color vision caused in most cases by a mutation in the genes coding for the photopigments; the most common form is the red/green color blindness

137
Q

ketoacidosis

A

acidosis caused by the increased production of acidic ketone bodies (e.g. in diabetes mellitus)

138
Q

M ganglion cell

A

ganglion cell projecting to the magnocellular layer of the corpus geniculatum laterale

139
Q

topography

A

the spatial arrangement of the sensory cells is mapped throughout the sensory system

140
Q

glycolysis

A

break-down procedure of 6-C sugars into acetyl (-Coenzyme-A)-group

141
Q

pentose-phosphate cycle

A

an alternative route to the glycolysis in which 5 C-atom sugars (e.g. ribose, etc.) are formed; NADPH, a co-enzyme necessary for fatty-acid synthesis is also produced here

142
Q

menopause

A

termination of the female reproductive activity; result of a natural physiological procedure

143
Q

exteroceptor

A

receptor receiving stimuli from outside the body

144
Q

deep cerebellar nucleus

A

most of the cerebellar Purkinje cells project through these nuclei to other parts of the brain

145
Q

gastrin

A

hormone produced in the stomach, increases HCl secretion

146
Q

choroid

A

the middle, vascularized layer of the eyeball, including the iris and the ciliary body (ciliary muscles)

147
Q

puberty

A

the period of human development during which physical growth and sexual maturation occurs

148
Q

cholecalciferol

A

vitamin D3 (hormone), precursor of calcitriol, synthesized in the skin upon UV irradiation

149
Q

acidosis

A

lower than normal pH level, i.e. accumulation of acid in the body

150
Q

proteases

A

enzymes digesting proteins and polypeptides

151
Q

fovea centralis

A

a depression in the center of the macula of the retina, the area of the most acute vision, where only cones are present

152
Q

spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)

A

consists of the vermis and the intermediate part of the hemispheres, it monitors the execution of motor commands issued by the cortex

153
Q

opsin

A

protein part of the photopigment

154
Q

horizontal cell

A

inhibitory interneuron in the retina connecting receptor cells

155
Q

scotopic vision

A

monochromatic vision produced through the rods in low light

156
Q

photopic vision

A

chromatic vision produced through the cones under well-lit conditions

157
Q

white muscle fiber

A

muscle fiber characterized by few mitochondria, low myoglobin content, quick fatigue, but very fast contraction

158
Q

red muscle fiber

A

muscle fiber characterized by good blood supply, many mitochondria, high myoglobin content and slow fatigue

159
Q

emission

A

the release of the semen from it stores (vesicula seminalis) to the urethra before ejaculation

160
Q

bilirubin

A

yellowish bile pigment produced by breakdown of heme

161
Q

dark current

A

continuous inflow of Na+ and Ca++ into rods and cones in dark through cGMP-regulated channels, causing hypopolarization and glutamate release

162
Q

rachitis (rickets)

A

malformation (weakness) of bones caused by the lack of vitamin-D that leads to a decreased absorption of calcium from the gut during development

163
Q

Addison’s disease

A

caused by the insufficiency of the adrenal cortex most frequently due to an autoimmune process; it leads to extreme weakness, darkening of the skin and increased discharge of urine

164
Q

presbiopia

A

in elderly people the lens looses its flexibility, thus accommodation is no longer possible for short distances; corrected by reading glasses

165
Q

interoceptor

A

receptor receiving stimuli from outside the body

166
Q

cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

A

the newest part of the cerebellum, consists of the lateral part of the hemispheres, its role is in the learning, starting and stopping movements

167
Q

somatotopy

A

topography in the somatosensory and motor system

168
Q

nucleases

A

enzymes digesting nucleic-acids (e.g. DNA, RNA)

169
Q

goblet cells

A

cells in the stomach producing mucus and NaHCO3

170
Q

lactose intolerance

A

lactose contained by milk and some diary products is not metabolized in the gut due to the lack of the enzyme lactase

171
Q

glucocorticoids

A

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex regulating sugar- and protein-metabolism (cortisol, hydrocortisone)

172
Q

osteoid tissue

A

organic part of the bone matrix made up by fibers and other components, its mineralization finishes bone formation

173
Q

taste bud

A

structure serving the sense of taste, it contains sensory and supporting cells

174
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

final phase of the energy metabolism in the mitochondrion; hydrogen is moved from reduced co-enzymes (FADH2, NADH) to oxygen forming water, while released energy is stored in the form of ATP

175
Q

annulospiral ending

A

terminal of the Ia fiber on the intrafusal fiber

176
Q

Leydig-cells

A

interstitial cells producing testosterone in the testes

177
Q

enteropeptidase

A

enzyme secreted by the duodenum; transforms trypsinogen into trypsin

178
Q

telereceptor

A

the source of the stimulus is distant from the receptor

179
Q

stereocilium

A

processes on the apical surface of the hair cells filled with actin filaments and bearing mechanosensitive K+ channels at the tip

180
Q

myxedema

A

accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the skin causing edema in patients with hypothyroidism

181
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disease due to the lack or ineffectiveness of the insulin hormone; symptoms are sugar in the urine, excess urination and overdrinking, acetone in the saliva, metabolic disturbances, sometimes coma

182
Q

facultative reabsorption

A

controlled reuptake of certain elements of the primary urine (ultrafiltrate) in the distal kidney tubules and collecting duct according to the need of the organism

183
Q

motor unit

A

collection of muscle fibers innervated by the same motoneuron

184
Q

trop hormones

A

pituitary (adenohypophysis) hormones that stimulate production and release of other hormones from other glands (e.g. TSH, ACTH, FSH)

185
Q

Cori-cycle

A

a procedure in which the lactic-acid produced in the muscles under anaerobic conditions is rebuilt to sugar in the liver on the expense of the break-down of its 1/3 amount

186
Q

amacrine cell

A

interneuron in the retina establishing horizontal connections mostly close to the ganglion cells

187
Q

CCK

A

cholecystokinin produced in the small intestine in response to lipids and proteins, it induces emptying of the gallbladder, increases enzyme production in the pancreas and inhibits emptying of the stomach

188
Q

Henle’s loop

A

a tubule connecting the proximal and the distal tubules in the kidneys

189
Q

cis-retinal

A

organic compound derived from vitamin A; in visual pigments it absorbs the energy of photons

190
Q

proprioceptor

A

receptor detecting the position of the body and the state of the muscles, tendons and joints

191
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) ratio (aldosterone, DOC)

192
Q

regurgitation

A

in ruminants chyme reenters the buccal cavity without vomiting

193
Q

remodeling

A

the continuous degradation and rebuilding of the bone tissue

194
Q

fenestra rotunda

A

membrane covered opening between the cochlea and the middle ear, it lets the perilymph move when the stapes pushes the membrane at the fenestra ovale

195
Q

fenestra rotunda

A

membrane covered opening between the cochlea and the middle ear, it lets the perilymph move when the stapes pushes the membrane at the fenestra ovale

196
Q

endolymph

A

fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, produced by secretion, characterized by high K+ levels

197
Q

inhibiting hormones and factors

A

hormones produced by the parvocellular (small cell) region of the hypothalamus that regulate adenohypophysis functions

198
Q

perilymph

A

fluid in the perilymphatic space of the inner ear, produced by filtration, thus its composition is the same as that of other extracellular fluids

199
Q

menstruation

A

removal of the uterine endometrium accompanied by bleeding at the end of the menstrual cycle

200
Q

osteoblast

A

bone forming progenitor cell

201
Q

cataract

A

eye disease caused by an opacity of the lens

202
Q

Cushing’s symptoms

A

caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood frequently due to steroid medication; it leads to disproportional fat deposition on the trunk, neck and face

203
Q

GIP

A

glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone, produced in the small intestine in response to carbohydrates, it induces insulin secretion and inhibits emptying of the stomach

204
Q

organ of Corti

A

the organ of hearing in the inner ear

205
Q

Chinese restaurant syndrome

A

temporary, inconvenient symptoms caused by overdosing the taste enhancing, but also neuroexcitatory monosodium glutamate (MSG)

206
Q

urea

A

nitrogen containing compound actively eliminated by the kidneys; the main way to eliminate excess nitrogen

207
Q

ovulation

A

ejection of the matured oocyte (ovum) from the follicle in the ovary

208
Q

GFR

A

(glomerular filtration rate) the amount of fluid filtrated per unit of time in the glomeruli of the kidneys

209
Q

zona pellucida

A

protective layer around the ovum

210
Q

parietal cells

A

HCl producing cells in the stomach

211
Q

contact receptor

A

the source of the stimulus has to be in contact with the receptor to elicit a response

212
Q

exopeptidase

A

protease that cuts amino acids from the end of peptide chains

213
Q

digastric stomach

A

stomach possessing both fermentative and digesting parts

214
Q

vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)

A

the most ancient part of the cerebellum (flocculonodular lobe), its input comes from the vestibular organ, and its main function is to keep posture and balance

215
Q

cornea

A

frontal, transparent part of the sclera with the highest refracting power

216
Q

gonads

A

organs producing reproductive cells (gametes) (testis, ovary)

217
Q

motoneuron pool

A

collection of motoneurons innervating muscle units in the same muscle

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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