Definitions Flashcards
1
Q
Model of colonialization
A
Stage 1: Steady State
Stage2: First Encounter
Stage 3: Imposition of Colonial Relations
Stage 4: Manifestation of Internalized Colonialism
Stage 5: Decolonization
2
Q
Non-Status Indian
A
Those people who are not Métis, but for various reasons, do not fall under the Indian Act’s definition.
3
Q
ROCA
A
Racism
Oppression
Cultural Genocide
Assimilation
4
Q
Section 91 (24) of the Constitution
A
“Indians and lands reserved for Indians” are the responsibilities of federal government.
5
Q
Status Indian
A
Defined as Indian by the Indian Act
6
Q
Metis
A
Cultural group of mixed First Nations and French ancestry who developed a culture different than both parent groups.
7
Q
First Nation
A
Self-given name for Aboriginal people
8
Q
Native
A
Aboriginal or specifically Indian or Metis. Popular 1970s
9
Q
Indigenous
A
Aboriginal in an International context
10
Q
Aboriginal
A
Indigenous in Canadian context
11
Q
Steady state
A
Stage 1, Aboriginal societies operated as functional and sustainable societies
12
Q
First Encounter
A
Stage 2, Face to face contact with Europeans not necessary; influence arises through trading network
13
Q
Imposition of Colonial Relations
A
Stage 3, Domination and subordination by Europeans
14
Q
Manifestation of internalized colonization
A
Stage 4, problems are attributed to Aboriginal people themselves rather than to the legacies of the colonial encounter
15
Q
Decolonization
A
Stage 5, individual decision making and action focused on a return to traditional values
16
Q
Sioux (Assiniboine, Dakota, Lakota)
A
- allied with the British
- History in the US
- Sitting Bull
- Not treated as Canadian Indians
17
Q
Cree (Nehiyawak)
A
- Algonquian language
- Nehiyawak means “exact person”
- Types: Swampy, Woodlands, Plains
- Most common in Saskatchewan
18
Q
Ojibwa (Saulteaux, Anishinabe)
A
- Anishinabe means original people
- Often mistaken for Cree
- Occupied Great Lakes
- Known as Chippewa in the states
19
Q
Dene (Chipewyan)
A
- Athapaskan language
- Occupied northern Hudson’s Bay to Athabasca
- Only in Canada
20
Q
proto-Métis
A
Mixed ancestry that maintained only Indian culture
21
Q
Canadien
A
- Fur trade labourers (voyageurs) - Initially applied to French Canadians, later associated with mixed ancestry
22
Q
Bois Brule
A
- The term used before “Metis” became acceptable
- Means “scorched wood”
23
Q
English Halfbreed
A
British (mostly Scottish) and First Nation descent
24
Q
Country born
A
Used during the fur trade for English Halfbreeds
25
Ethnogenesis
Recognition by a group of people who share similar cultural, linguistic, religious and economic backgrounds that they are a distinct nation or ethnic group
26
Median age
The age where exactly half of Canadians are younger and exactly half is older than that age
27
Bimaadiziwin
- "The Good Life"
- Governs human relations, kinship is central
- Attainment of a long and healthy life
28
Complementarity
Different categories depend on each other for their distinctiveness in order to create a balance and produce the greatest well being for the whole group
29
Courier du Bois
Illegal fur traders who lived semi-permanently in the Great Lakes region and established formal relationships
30
Double-woman
3
31
Elder Brother Stories
Acted to convey cultural principles and expectations, which were the “Law of the People.”
32
Egalitarian
Equal status among individuals in terms of access to economic, political, and social rights and privileges
33
Kinship
as an "active force"
34
Winkte
"wants to be like a woman"
35
Buffalo Hunt
- a factor of Metis nationalism
| - large, social, regulated, organized
36
Battle of Seven Oaks
- 1816, between HBC and Metis, result of an insensitive governor and the Metis working for NWC
- First time the Metis flag was flown as "new nation"
37
Sayer Trial
- 1849, HBC arrested Pierre Sayer for illegal trade
- Metis people arrived at the trial armed, verdict was guilty but no punishment
- Considered a Metis victory
38
Canada First Party
4
39
Manitoba Act
- created Manitoba
| - Offered religious and language rights and land for Metis
40
Métis Reign of Terror
Soldiers came to red river expecting an uprising, there was none so the trained British men left and the Canadian militia harassed, beat, killed Metis people
41
Royal Proclamation
- 1763, an exclusive arrangement between Government and First Nations
- created guidelines for land acquisition
- acknowledged Indian land rights
42
Robinson Treaties
- 1840s
| - set aside reserve lands, established annuities, retained hunting rights for Ojibwe
43
Enfranchisement
- Administrative process that provided incentives to become Canadian citizens with the right to vote and hold property
- And no longer considered to be an Indian in the eyes of the law
44
File Hills Colony
- The best graduating students from many schools were sent
| - The government exerted extreme control.
45
Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement
- Common experience payment
- Truth and reconciliation process
- Commemoration programs
- Healing assistance
46
Industrial Schools
- Targeted older children in larger institutions
| - “vocational” training.
47
Pass System
- Invented to restrict First Nations to their reserves
| - Difficult to protest because rations would be witheld
48
Peasant Farming Policy
Reduced the area that First Nations farmers could put under cultivation to one acre and prohibited First Nations from using any labour saving machinery
49
Bill C-358 – First Nations Veterans’ Compensation Act
6
50
Dependents Allowance
6
51
Métis Farming Colonies
6
52
Road Allowance Communities
6
53
Scrip
- Certificates negotiable for cash or land
| - the government refused to protect the land
54
Tommy Prince
6
55
Veteran Lands Act
6
56
1911 Delegation to Ottawa
7
57
Allied Tribes of British Columbia
The key issue for the Allied Tribes was Aboriginal title to land, they still had full rights to any land that had not yet been surrendered through Treaty.
58
Citizen’s Plus
7
59
Fred Loft
Leader of League of Indians of Canada
60
Hawthorn Report
- assimilation policies should end
- increase in the Indian Affairs Branch budget and staff
- Indian Progress Agency Indian Progress Agency
61
John Tootoosis
- significant figure in Saskatchewan
| - formed FSIN
62
League of Indians of Canada
- Began as a national body
- took root in the west and changed to League of Western Indians of Canada
- split further into Indian Association of Alberta and Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations
63
Louis O’Soup
- lobbied for treaty rights and economic and social improvement
- headman for Chief Cowessess
- asked to be the spokesperson for the chiefs on many occasions
64
Royal Commission of 1912
- reduced the size of some reserves and added to others
| - overall acreage increased but the land taken away was worth twice the land added.
65
White Paper of 1969
- transfer control over Indian Lands” from the government to the First Nations
- 50 million dollar development fund, and their social services from the provinces
- reserves would be open to private ownership, and the treaties would be terminated
66
Edmonton Consensus
8
67
Gendered Racism
refers to the oppression/discrimination that affects Aboriginal women both as Aboriginal people and as women
68
Jeanette Lavell
- Her lawyer argued that section 12(1)(b) contravened the Canadian Bill of Rights because it discriminated against Lavell due to her gender
69
Second generation cut-off
still affected Indian women and not Indian men
70
Section 6 of the Indian Act
allowed for the reinstatement of status for persons who's mother and grandmother had lost Indian status through marriage or voluntarily enfranchised
71
Section 12 (1)(b) of the Indian Act
any First Nations woman who married a non-status Indian (“marrying out”) would automatically lose her status as a legally defined Indian
72
Sharon McIvor
8
73
Aboriginal Rights
inherent, collective rights that flow from their original occupation of the land
74
fiduciary duty
means held in trust – so that the fiduciary possessor is legally responsible for what belongs to another
75
usufructuary right
the right to use the land but to own it in fee simple
76
St. Catherine’s decision
Aboriginal Rights was recognized, but in a very limited way and as dictated by the Crown.
77
Baker Lake Test
four conditions in order to demonstrate the "legal" existence of Aboriginal title
78
Charlottetown Accord
10
79
Comprehensive Claims
areas in which Aboriginal people never signed treaties
80
Delgamuukw Decision
affirmed that Aboriginal Title stems from PRIOR OCCUPATION and NOT FROM ROYAL PROCLAMATION
81
Equity Formula
10
82
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
10
83
Meech Lake Accord
- intended to persuade Quebec to sign the Constitution
- ignored the agenda of Aboriginal peoples who were frustrated that no resolution of their recognized Aboriginal right of self-government and no constitutional protection
84
Neilson Report
- dissolution of the Department of Indian Affairs
- transfer of remaining programs to provinces
- halting comprehensive land claims and less funding for programs
85
Office of the Treaty Commissioner (OTC)
10
86
Penner Report
that Aboriginal Right to self-government be recognized by the federal and provincial governments and be entrenched in the Constitution
87
Self-government
- refers to the ability of a group to govern its own lands and the people on them without having to seek permission
88
Specific Claims
- non-fulfillment of a treaty
| - breach of an obligation of First Nation funds
89
Specific Claims Tribunal Act
10
90
Treaty Land Entitlement
- represents the amount of land that an individual First Nation should have received under treaty.
91
Jordan’s Principle
11
92
Population Health Approach
- focuses on improving health status of an entire population rather than individuals
93
Social Determinants of Health
Factors that effect social and economic correlates of health and well-being
94
Restorative Justice
used to promote essential justice reform
95
Virgin Soil Epidemics
11
96
Churn
back and forth mobility between reserve and urban centres
97
Ghettos
minority group constitutes more than 60 percent of the population in an area, and at least 30 percent of the group lives in these areas of high concentration.
98
Hermeneutics
12
99
Municipal Colonialism
12
100
Revitalization
a movement that actively seeks ways to maintain and reacquire aspects of their cultures
101
Urban Reserve
an extension of existing rural reserves, or as a separate entity itself.
