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Indigenous Studies > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Model of colonialization

A

Stage 1: Steady State
Stage2: First Encounter
Stage 3: Imposition of Colonial Relations
Stage 4: Manifestation of Internalized Colonialism
Stage 5: Decolonization

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2
Q

Non-Status Indian

A

Those people who are not Métis, but for various reasons, do not fall under the Indian Act’s definition.

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3
Q

ROCA

A

Racism
Oppression
Cultural Genocide
Assimilation

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4
Q

Section 91 (24) of the Constitution

A

“Indians and lands reserved for Indians” are the responsibilities of federal government.

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5
Q

Status Indian

A

Defined as Indian by the Indian Act

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6
Q

Metis

A

Cultural group of mixed First Nations and French ancestry who developed a culture different than both parent groups.

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7
Q

First Nation

A

Self-given name for Aboriginal people

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8
Q

Native

A

Aboriginal or specifically Indian or Metis. Popular 1970s

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9
Q

Indigenous

A

Aboriginal in an International context

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10
Q

Aboriginal

A

Indigenous in Canadian context

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11
Q

Steady state

A

Stage 1, Aboriginal societies operated as functional and sustainable societies

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12
Q

First Encounter

A

Stage 2, Face to face contact with Europeans not necessary; influence arises through trading network

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13
Q

Imposition of Colonial Relations

A

Stage 3, Domination and subordination by Europeans

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14
Q

Manifestation of internalized colonization

A

Stage 4, problems are attributed to Aboriginal people themselves rather than to the legacies of the colonial encounter

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15
Q

Decolonization

A

Stage 5, individual decision making and action focused on a return to traditional values

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16
Q

Sioux (Assiniboine, Dakota, Lakota)

A
  • allied with the British
  • History in the US
  • Sitting Bull
  • Not treated as Canadian Indians
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17
Q

Cree (Nehiyawak)

A
  • Algonquian language
  • Nehiyawak means “exact person”
  • Types: Swampy, Woodlands, Plains
  • Most common in Saskatchewan
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18
Q

Ojibwa (Saulteaux, Anishinabe)

A
  • Anishinabe means original people
  • Often mistaken for Cree
  • Occupied Great Lakes
  • Known as Chippewa in the states
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19
Q

Dene (Chipewyan)

A
  • Athapaskan language
  • Occupied northern Hudson’s Bay to Athabasca
  • Only in Canada
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20
Q

proto-Métis

A

Mixed ancestry that maintained only Indian culture

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21
Q

Canadien

A
  • Fur trade labourers (voyageurs) - Initially applied to French Canadians, later associated with mixed ancestry
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22
Q

Bois Brule

A
  • The term used before “Metis” became acceptable

- Means “scorched wood”

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23
Q

English Halfbreed

A

British (mostly Scottish) and First Nation descent

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24
Q

Country born

A

Used during the fur trade for English Halfbreeds

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25
Q

Ethnogenesis

A

Recognition by a group of people who share similar cultural, linguistic, religious and economic backgrounds that they are a distinct nation or ethnic group

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26
Q

Median age

A

The age where exactly half of Canadians are younger and exactly half is older than that age

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27
Q

Bimaadiziwin

A
  • “The Good Life”
  • Governs human relations, kinship is central
  • Attainment of a long and healthy life
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28
Q

Complementarity

A

Different categories depend on each other for their distinctiveness in order to create a balance and produce the greatest well being for the whole group

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29
Q

Courier du Bois

A

Illegal fur traders who lived semi-permanently in the Great Lakes region and established formal relationships

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30
Q

Double-woman

A

3

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31
Q

Elder Brother Stories

A

Acted to convey cultural principles and expectations, which were the “Law of the People.”

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32
Q

Egalitarian

A

Equal status among individuals in terms of access to economic, political, and social rights and privileges

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33
Q

Kinship

A

as an “active force”

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34
Q

Winkte

A

“wants to be like a woman”

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35
Q

Buffalo Hunt

A
  • a factor of Metis nationalism

- large, social, regulated, organized

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36
Q

Battle of Seven Oaks

A
  • 1816, between HBC and Metis, result of an insensitive governor and the Metis working for NWC
  • First time the Metis flag was flown as “new nation”
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37
Q

Sayer Trial

A
  • 1849, HBC arrested Pierre Sayer for illegal trade
  • Metis people arrived at the trial armed, verdict was guilty but no punishment
  • Considered a Metis victory
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38
Q

Canada First Party

A

4

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39
Q

Manitoba Act

A
  • created Manitoba

- Offered religious and language rights and land for Metis

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40
Q

Métis Reign of Terror

A

Soldiers came to red river expecting an uprising, there was none so the trained British men left and the Canadian militia harassed, beat, killed Metis people

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41
Q

Royal Proclamation

A
  • 1763, an exclusive arrangement between Government and First Nations
  • created guidelines for land acquisition
  • acknowledged Indian land rights
42
Q

Robinson Treaties

A
  • 1840s

- set aside reserve lands, established annuities, retained hunting rights for Ojibwe

43
Q

Enfranchisement

A
  • Administrative process that provided incentives to become Canadian citizens with the right to vote and hold property
  • And no longer considered to be an Indian in the eyes of the law
44
Q

File Hills Colony

A
  • The best graduating students from many schools were sent

- The government exerted extreme control.

45
Q

Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement

A
  • Common experience payment
  • Truth and reconciliation process
  • Commemoration programs
  • Healing assistance
46
Q

Industrial Schools

A
  • Targeted older children in larger institutions

- “vocational” training.

47
Q

Pass System

A
  • Invented to restrict First Nations to their reserves

- Difficult to protest because rations would be witheld

48
Q

Peasant Farming Policy

A

Reduced the area that First Nations farmers could put under cultivation to one acre and prohibited First Nations from using any labour saving machinery

49
Q

Bill C-358 – First Nations Veterans’ Compensation Act

A

6

50
Q

Dependents Allowance

A

6

51
Q

Métis Farming Colonies

A

6

52
Q

Road Allowance Communities

A

6

53
Q

Scrip

A
  • Certificates negotiable for cash or land

- the government refused to protect the land

54
Q

Tommy Prince

A

6

55
Q

Veteran Lands Act

A

6

56
Q

1911 Delegation to Ottawa

A

7

57
Q

Allied Tribes of British Columbia

A

The key issue for the Allied Tribes was Aboriginal title to land, they still had full rights to any land that had not yet been surrendered through Treaty.

58
Q

Citizen’s Plus

A

7

59
Q

Fred Loft

A

Leader of League of Indians of Canada

60
Q

Hawthorn Report

A
  • assimilation policies should end
  • increase in the Indian Affairs Branch budget and staff
  • Indian Progress Agency Indian Progress Agency
61
Q

John Tootoosis

A
  • significant figure in Saskatchewan

- formed FSIN

62
Q

League of Indians of Canada

A
  • Began as a national body
  • took root in the west and changed to League of Western Indians of Canada
  • split further into Indian Association of Alberta and Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations
63
Q

Louis O’Soup

A
  • lobbied for treaty rights and economic and social improvement
  • headman for Chief Cowessess
  • asked to be the spokesperson for the chiefs on many occasions
64
Q

Royal Commission of 1912

A
  • reduced the size of some reserves and added to others

- overall acreage increased but the land taken away was worth twice the land added.

65
Q

White Paper of 1969

A
  • transfer control over Indian Lands” from the government to the First Nations
  • 50 million dollar development fund, and their social services from the provinces
  • reserves would be open to private ownership, and the treaties would be terminated
66
Q

Edmonton Consensus

A

8

67
Q

Gendered Racism

A

refers to the oppression/discrimination that affects Aboriginal women both as Aboriginal people and as women

68
Q

Jeanette Lavell

A
  • Her lawyer argued that section 12(1)(b) contravened the Canadian Bill of Rights because it discriminated against Lavell due to her gender
69
Q

Second generation cut-off

A

still affected Indian women and not Indian men

70
Q

Section 6 of the Indian Act

A

allowed for the reinstatement of status for persons who’s mother and grandmother had lost Indian status through marriage or voluntarily enfranchised

71
Q

Section 12 (1)(b) of the Indian Act

A

any First Nations woman who married a non-status Indian (“marrying out”) would automatically lose her status as a legally defined Indian

72
Q

Sharon McIvor

A

8

73
Q

Aboriginal Rights

A

inherent, collective rights that flow from their original occupation of the land

74
Q

fiduciary duty

A

means held in trust – so that the fiduciary possessor is legally responsible for what belongs to another

75
Q

usufructuary right

A

the right to use the land but to own it in fee simple

76
Q

St. Catherine’s decision

A

Aboriginal Rights was recognized, but in a very limited way and as dictated by the Crown.

77
Q

Baker Lake Test

A

four conditions in order to demonstrate the “legal” existence of Aboriginal title

78
Q

Charlottetown Accord

A

10

79
Q

Comprehensive Claims

A

areas in which Aboriginal people never signed treaties

80
Q

Delgamuukw Decision

A

affirmed that Aboriginal Title stems from PRIOR OCCUPATION and NOT FROM ROYAL PROCLAMATION

81
Q

Equity Formula

A

10

82
Q

James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement

A

10

83
Q

Meech Lake Accord

A
  • intended to persuade Quebec to sign the Constitution
  • ignored the agenda of Aboriginal peoples who were frustrated that no resolution of their recognized Aboriginal right of self-government and no constitutional protection
84
Q

Neilson Report

A
  • dissolution of the Department of Indian Affairs
  • transfer of remaining programs to provinces
  • halting comprehensive land claims and less funding for programs
85
Q

Office of the Treaty Commissioner (OTC)

A

10

86
Q

Penner Report

A

that Aboriginal Right to self-government be recognized by the federal and provincial governments and be entrenched in the Constitution

87
Q

Self-government

A
  • refers to the ability of a group to govern its own lands and the people on them without having to seek permission
88
Q

Specific Claims

A
  • non-fulfillment of a treaty

- breach of an obligation of First Nation funds

89
Q

Specific Claims Tribunal Act

A

10

90
Q

Treaty Land Entitlement

A
  • represents the amount of land that an individual First Nation should have received under treaty.
91
Q

Jordan’s Principle

A

11

92
Q

Population Health Approach

A
  • focuses on improving health status of an entire population rather than individuals
93
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A

Factors that effect social and economic correlates of health and well-being

94
Q

Restorative Justice

A

used to promote essential justice reform

95
Q

Virgin Soil Epidemics

A

11

96
Q

Churn

A

back and forth mobility between reserve and urban centres

97
Q

Ghettos

A

minority group constitutes more than 60 percent of the population in an area, and at least 30 percent of the group lives in these areas of high concentration.

98
Q

Hermeneutics

A

12

99
Q

Municipal Colonialism

A

12

100
Q

Revitalization

A

a movement that actively seeks ways to maintain and reacquire aspects of their cultures

101
Q

Urban Reserve

A

an extension of existing rural reserves, or as a separate entity itself.

Indigenous Studies (1 decks)

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