Definitions

Question 1

Forensic psychology

Answer 1

Latin - translates to psychology of the courts

Question 2

Aims of criminal law

Answer 2

• Punitive response to social dangers (retribution)
• Guarantee protection of citizens
• Deterrence
• Changing values - public health (eg smoking, gambling)

Question 3

Mean World Syndrome

Answer 3

Those who are exposed to violent scenes (eg TV) are not more likely to commit crime, but are more likely to fear crime

Question 4

Available heuristic theory

Answer 4

How readily we access images/information pertaining to crime

Question 5

Cognitive theory

Answer 5

Fear of crime = subjective belief of victimisation x perceived negative impact

Question 6

Societal/macro level theories

Answer 6

Crime is a consequence of social structure

Question 7

Community/locality theories

Answer 7

Crime is not randomly distributed - usually closer to offenders home

Question 8

Socialisation theories

Answer 8

Family and friends influence criminality

Question 9

Individual approaches

Answer 9

Some personality types are more likely to participate in crime

Question 10

Neuropsychology of crime

Answer 10

People commit crime due to physiological, anatomical or genetic defects (head injuries, peri/pre-natal conditions)

Question 11

Intelligence theory

Answer 11

Lower intelligence leads to offending

Question 12

Addiction to crime

Answer 12

Offenders are likely to have an addictive personality

Question 13

Social learning theory

Answer 13

People learn from the actions of another person

Question 14

Strain theories

Answer 14

People with blocked opportunities (perceived unjust strain) are likely to commit crime

Question 15

Rational choice theory

Answer 15

Offenders make a rational decision to commit crime by weighing up costs and benefits

Question 16

Attachment theory

Answer 16

Relationships formed in early childhood have an impact on later life

Question 17

Strange Situation

Answer 17

Test of relationship type - related to attachment theory

Question 18

Insecure relationship

Answer 18

Children are ambivalent, avoidant or disorganised - no attachment to parents. Could lead to more violent behaviour later in life.

Question 19

Secure relationship

Answer 19

Healthy relationship between carer and child

Question 20

Biosocial theory

Answer 20

Genetics, physical appearance, personality type and environmental influences contribute to criminality

Question 21

Juvenile

Answer 21

<18 years old

Question 22

Age of responsibility

Answer 22

Age at which a person can be held criminally responsible for their actions - 10 years

Question 23

Life-course persistent offenders

Answer 23

Large range of offences committed over entire life

Question 24

Adolescent limited offenders

Answer 24

Rebellious, non-violent offenders who tend to grow out of their criminality

Question 25

Power-assurance rapist

Answer 25

Rapist with insecurities about their masculinity - often serial offenders

Question 26

Power-assertive rapist

Answer 26

Expresses power over women - more likely to commit date/acquaintance rape

Question 27

Anger-retaliatory rapist

Answer 27

High level of anger towards women - incels - often commit blitz style attacks with degrading activities

Question 28

Anger-excitement rapist

Answer 28

Gains pleasure from watching victims suffer, victims are usually strangers - premeditated offences

Question 29

Socio-cultural theory of rape

Answer 29

Gender inequality, social disorganisation (eg divorce, single parenthood)

Question 30

Feminist theory of rape

Answer 30

Men are in control of society, therefore they believe they can be in control of women

Question 31

Social learning theory of rape

Answer 31

Men learn pro-rape beliefs from their social network

Question 32

Evolutionary theory of rape

Answer 32

Rapist wishes to pass on their genetic material and impregnate the victim - rape is partly sexual, not only violent

Question 33

Fitness to plead

Answer 33

Whether an individual has the intellectual resources to contribute effectively to their own defence. Evaluations need to take into account the complexity of the trial in question as they may be competent in one area but not another.

Question 34

Somnambulism

Answer 34

Sleepwalking

Question 35

Expressive violence

Answer 35

Acts that vent rage, anger or frustration

Question 36

Instrumental violence

Answer 36

Designed to improve financial or social position of offender - killing for a fee

Question 37

Mass murder

Answer 37

One single event, killing number of victims

Question 38

Spree killing

Answer 38

Killing spread over a few days or weeks across locations - eg Martin Bryant

Question 39

Serial killing

Answer 39

Kill over a period of time but assume normal identity between murders - eg zodiac, Ted Bundy

Question 40

Intimate partner violence

Answer 40

Violence against a spousal partner or unmarried partner - no need to live together

Question 41

Domestic violence

Answer 41

Violence against family, partner or in a care relationship

Question 42

Interpersonal violence

Answer 42

Violence against a person or members of a group because they share a racial/gender/sexual/religious characteristic

Question 43

Stalking

Answer 43

Course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated physical or visual proximity

Question 44

Miscarriage of justice

Answer 44

Identified when a court overturns a conviction upon appeal

Question 45

Human perception

Answer 45

What a person sees, senses and experiences

Question 46

Human memory - acquisition

Answer 46

Encoding of stimuli

Question 47

Human memory - retention

Answer 47

Storage of information

Question 48

Human memory - retrieval

Answer 48

Accessing and communicating stored material

Question 49

10-12 second rule

Answer 49

Eyewitnesses who identify a person quickly from a lineup tend to be more accurate

Question 50

Estimator variables

Answer 50

Beyond control of CJS - related to perception and memory of eyewitness

Question 51

System variables

Answer 51

CJS - factors associated with retrieval stage of memory - CI questioning, lineup instructions