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Marine Biology > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Spring tides =

A

occur when the sun and moon are lined up, so get maximum gravitational pull → maximum tidal range

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2
Q

Neap tides =

A

occur when sun, earth and moon form a right angle and gravitational effects are minimal

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3
Q

semi-diurnal tides

A

2 ~equal high tides and 2 ~ equal low tides every 24 h

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4
Q

diurnal tides

A

1 Low and 1 high tide per 24 h

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5
Q

photic zone/epipelagic zone

A

~ 0-200m deep

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6
Q

mesopelagic =

A

deep sea (200m - 1km)

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7
Q

bathypelagic=

A

> 1km – 4km, also something that lives in the oceans

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8
Q

Benthic =

A

the bottom of the ocean, hence can be at large depths or shallows, it’s the ocean floor, organisms that live on rocks, piers

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9
Q

Abyssopelagic zone =

A

4km – 6km

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10
Q

hadopelagic zone (Hadel) =

A

deepest region in sea, within ocean trenches >6km

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11
Q

Golf stream =

A

= hot water from Florida moves past Sweden and becomes cold

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12
Q

Coriolis effect =

A

In a reference frame with clockwise rotation (southern hemisphere), the force acts to the left of the motion of the object. In one with anticlockwise (northern hemisphere) rotation, the force acts to the right

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13
Q

Thermocline =

A

A zone of rapid temperature decline with increasing depth

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14
Q

Catadromous fish =

A

spend most of their lives in fresh water, then migrate to the sea to breed

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15
Q

anadromous fish =

A

= live in the ocean mostly, and breed in fresh water lots of water movement & mixing (wind, currents); highly variable environments; relatively high productivity

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16
Q

Copulatory =

A

Is like the mammalian fertilisation

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17
Q

Non-copulatory =

A

Males release sperm, females hold the egg, and fertilisation occurs internally

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18
Q

Polyspermy =

A

describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm

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19
Q

protandry =

A

It can change from a male to female

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20
Q

Planktotrophy =

A 
feeding larvae,
Plankton feeding 
Weeks to months in plankton 
Cheap, small (lower investment)
Ancestoral mode 
Tend to be better dispersers
More species in tropics
Hot water favours PK
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21
Q

Lecithotrophy =

A 
Non-feeding larvae
Yolk feeding 
Minutes to days in plankton 
Larger, less eggs (more investment)
Common 
Can’t disperse for long time – medium spread
Mum gives oil resources to LC to help get through larval/plankton stage
Chemical defences 
More species in cooler areas
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22
Q

Spring transition =

A

day the water becomes down stream instead of upwelling effects

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23
Q

Ballast Waters =

A

waters to help the boat stable in the storm

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24
Q

Realised niche =

A

when other organisms are there to kick it out

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25
Q

Fundamental niche

A

were they can live

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26
Q

Phytoplankton =

A

freely drifting, photosynthetic (microscopic) cells

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27
Q

Picoplankton =

A

[0.2 - 2.0 μm]

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28
Q

Nanoplankton =

A

[2.0 - 20 μm]

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29
Q

Microplankton =

A

[20 - 200 μm]

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30
Q

Femtoplankton =

A

<0.2 μm

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31
Q

Mesoplankton =

A

0.2-20 mm

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32
Q

Macroplankton =

A

20 -200 mm

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33
Q

Megaplankton =

A

= 200 -2000 mm

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34
Q

oceanic nekton =

A

all vertebrate classes except amphibians, many types of bony & cartilaginous fish, some mammals, reptiles & birds (peguin the real Nektonic bird), cephalopods only invertebrates (Octopus, cuttlefish, squid)

35
Q

holoepipelagic species =

A

spend all time in epipelagic

36
Q

meroepipelagic species =

A

may migrate horizontally or vertically

37
Q

hermatypic corals =

A

Hermatypic corals are those corals in the order Scleractinia which build reefs by depositing hard calcareous material for their skeletons, forming the stony framework of the reef

38
Q

ahermatypic corals =

A

lack zooxanthellae and does not build a reef

39
Q

Shelf reefs =

A

grow on continental shelfs

40
Q

Barrier reefs =

A

grow on continental shelf but has a barrier

41
Q

Class Agnatha =

A

lack of jaw, lampreys & hagfish

42
Q

Class Chondrichthyes =

A

cartilaginous, sharks, skates, rays & ratfish

43
Q

Class Osteichthyes =

A

bony fish, coelacanth, ray-finned fishes

44
Q

aspect ratio (AR) =

A

= is measure of tail size

45
Q

Deep scattering layer (DSL)

A

= common for mesopelagic organisms to migrate vertically at night

46
Q

What number is dustin martin?

A

4

47
Q

abyssal gigantism =

A

is the tendency for species of invertebrates and other deep-sea dwelling animals to be larger than their shallower-water relatives.

48
Q

who won the norm smith in 2017 grand final?

A

Dusty

49
Q

Mariculture =

A

generally shallow embayment’s or artificial ponds, Breeding species include many types of fish, molluscs, crustaceans & algae

50
Q

who won the brownlow medal in 2017?

A

Dusty

51
Q

Salinity =

A

is the total amount of dissolved material in water. Dissolved substances include inorganic salts, organic compounds from living organisms and dissolved gasses. The greatest fraction of dissolved material is seawater is inorganic salts, present as ions.

52
Q

light attenuation =

A

is the decrease in light intensity with depth in the water column due to absorption (by water molecules) and scattering (by suspended particulates)

53
Q

Thermal stratification is =

A

The situation where the uppermost water mass is isolated from the more dense, colder water below

54
Q

Source population =

A

A population that produces recruits for other populations acts as a source

55
Q

sink population =

A

a population that receives recruits from another population but exports no recruits

56
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

= species diversity is maximised under intermediate levels of disturbance

57
Q

The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) =

A

is calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. The SOI changes from positive (normal conditions) to negative (which indicates El nino)

58
Q

A carbon sink is =

A

An environmental reservoir that absorbs and stores more carbon than it releases

59
Q

Lateral lines =

A

are rows of small tubes, open to the water and containing sensory pits sensitive to pressure changes in the water

60
Q

The rete mirabile is =

A

A network of small blood vessels

61
Q

Bycatch =

A

dont’t intend to catch and not retain

62
Q

byproduct =

A

don’t intend to catch but do keep

63
Q

Recruitment =

A

(Larval supply x Larval Behaviour) –Post-settlement mortality

64
Q

Larval supply =

A

production of larvae x delivery of larvae

65
Q

anisogamous

A

sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes of size or form.

66
Q

isogamous

A

is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing in general only in allele expression

67
Q

isomorphic

A

is a similarity of form or structure between organisms, generally between organisms with independent ancestries, e.g. after convergent evolution.

68
Q

heteromorphic

A

Having different forms in different stages of the life cycle. Differing in size or structure from the normal. occurring in two or more different forms, especially at different stages in the life cycle

69
Q

Direct development

A

No larval phase

Biggest

Least likely to be widespread
Most investment

More variation in success/recruitment
More common in arctic zones

70
Q

Pneumatocysts =

A

Gas bladders in seaweeds for flotation

71
Q

Allee effects =

A

Positive density dependence, fitness increases with higher densities. At low population densities, population growth rate decreases due to mate limitations. Reduced competition AND reduced fertility success. only affecting external fertilisation

72
Q

Oxygen minimum zone =

A

found at 500m-1000m between surface water and cold deep sea, due to thermal stratification, it is oxygen-depleted water. Water above and below zone has more oxygen

73
Q

Neritic =

A

relating to the shallow part of the sea near a coast and overlying the continental shelf. different to the pelagic as that is in open ocean

74
Q

Pelagic zone

A

the open-ocean zone and includes all the others zones

75
Q

fecundity =

A

the ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new growth; fertility

76
Q

Hydrographic barrier =

A

like a current, an invisible wall which restricts the ability of larvae to disperse

77
Q

El nino =

A

decreased upwelling = increased temperatures around equator, air warmer and drier, bleaching

El nino is terrible for marine

78
Q

La nina =

A

La nina is other extreme = increased upwelling, decreased temperatures

79
Q

physostome fish =

A

can change depth quickly, duct to mouth so can gulp air into gas bladder

80
Q

physoclist fish =

A

takes longer to take air in gas bladder thus cant dive as quick down

81
Q

countershading =

A

Dark on top, light on bottom of fish

82
Q

contrasting colours

A

break up outline eg. like a tiger in the jungle of India

83
Q

development of keel =

A

= less shadow = invisible

Marine Biology (1 decks)

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