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Plant Disease Ecology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

After anastomosis, hyphae that were originally __________ are now __________

A

Homokaryotic; dikaryotic

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2
Q

When a fungus is _________, even the smallest piece of the fungus can grow to complete a life cycle

A

Totipotent

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3
Q

Organisms that have two different kinds of flagella

A

Heterokonts

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4
Q

Sexual part of fungi life cycle

A

Telemorph

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5
Q

Can reproduce from a single organism/genotype

A

Homothallic

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6
Q

Wall-less bacteria such as phytoplasmas and corkscrew-shaped spiroplasmas

A

Mollicutes

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7
Q

Symbionts that live on the surface of plant tissue

A

Epiphytes

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8
Q

Heritable change we observe over the course of generations

A

Microevolution

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9
Q

An intimate relationship between two organisms

A

Symbiosis

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10
Q

Traits of the pathogen create selective pressure that shapes traits in the plant and vice versa

A

Co-evolution

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11
Q

Requires two compatible partners to create sexual spores

A

Heterothallic

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12
Q

Bacteria that form chains of cells that look like skinny hyphae; creates the “earthy” smell of soil

A

Actinobacteria

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13
Q

Hyphal fusion when they match alleles

A

Anastomosis

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14
Q

Sections between septa that are NOT separated from adjacent sections by plasma membrane

A

Coenocytic

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15
Q

Three types of meiospores

A
  • Ascospores
  • Basidiospores
  • Zygospores
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16
Q

Appearance of generally distinct morphs

A

Sectoring

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17
Q

Pollinators that transmit a pathogen from one host to another

A

Vectors

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18
Q

A type of microbe that, in absence of a living host, can complete its life cycle living in dead plant material

A

Facultative necrotroph

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19
Q

Picky eater

A

Fastidious

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20
Q

Traits critical to growth, survival, or reproduction

A

Fitness

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21
Q

Visible or detectable parts or products of the pathogen

A

Signs

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22
Q

Traits evolve independently multiple times through different evolution lineages

A

Convergent evolution

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23
Q

A virus particle comprised of nucleic acid and capsid

A

Virion

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24
Q

Set of DNA variations that tend to be inherited together

A

Haplotype

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25
Q

Contains nuclei of only one haplotype; what fungal spores usually are

A

Homokaryotic

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26
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria; most plant pathogenic bacteria

A

Bacilli

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27
Q

Flagella used to pull organisms through the water

A

Tinsel flagella

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28
Q

Spores as a product of meiosis (2 names)

A

Meiospores; sexual spores

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29
Q

Large, swollen structures filled with cytoplasm and lots of nuclei; breaks off from hyphae and washes away in currents during dispersal

A

Sporangia

30
Q

Interconnected network of old hyphae

A

Mycelium

31
Q

Grows best with oxygen but can also grow without it

A

Facultative anaerobic

32
Q

Fillaments or tubes that prodive growth, nutrients, and reproductive structures to a fungus

A

Hyphae

33
Q

Symbionts that live inside plant tissue

A

Endophytes

34
Q

A parasite that causes a disease on its host

A

Pathogen

35
Q

Requires oxygen to grow

A

(Obligate) Aerobic

36
Q

Bacterial DNA transmission in which DNA fragments are released into the environment and taken up by other bacterial cells, then integrated into existing chromosomes

A

Transformation

37
Q

A biotroph that kills its host plant

A

Hemibiotroph

38
Q

Microbe that eats already-dead material

A

Saprotroph

39
Q

Does not require oxygen to grow

A

(Obligate) Anaerobic

40
Q

Protein coat surrounding a virus

A

Capsid

41
Q

Patterns of change over the history of life

A

Macroevolution

42
Q

Spores as a product of mitosis (2 names)

A

Mitospores; asexual spores

43
Q

Bacterial DNA transmission in which the movement of DNA from one bacterium to another is via phage viruses

A

Transduction

44
Q

A subset of genotypes that is passed on to the next generation at a higher frequency than represented by chance

A

Genetic drift

45
Q

Chemicals that fungi excrete to weaken or kill the host plant

A

Mycotoxins

46
Q

Small, circular bacterial chromosomes that carry genes important for survival an ecological functions

A

Plasmids

47
Q

Uptake of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis

A

Osmotrophy

48
Q

Microbe that kills plant tissue and consumes it

A

Necrotroph

49
Q

A mother cell that is converted into a spore; more resistant to environmental hazards and can later re-hydrate into a bacterial cell

A

Endospore

50
Q

Pilus (tube) that connects two bacterial cells and transmits plasmids

A

Bacterial conjugation

51
Q

Infectious RNA that lacks protein capsids

A

Viroids

52
Q

Assemblage of microorganisms inhabiting body of host plant

A

Microbiome

53
Q

The ability to move directionally in response to a chemical gradient

A

Chemotaxis

54
Q

Detection of a large number of neighboring bacteria; causes a bacterium to turn transcription of genes on or off

A

Quorum sensing

55
Q

Reproductive units of fungi

A

Spores

56
Q

Sexual spore of oomycetes

A

Oospores

57
Q

“Hairs” that cover tinsel flagella

A

Mastigonemes

58
Q

Microbe that is parasitic to living plant tissue

A

Biotroph

59
Q

Descendants in a new population range (after a bottleneck) represent a small component of original genetic diversity based on chance events of introduced genotypes

A

Founder’s effect

60
Q

Flagella used for steering

A

Whiplash flagella

61
Q

Observed effects on the plant that disrupt its normal function

A

Symptoms

62
Q

Large, thick-walled resting spores

A

Chlamydospores

63
Q

Derived from more than one ancestor

A

Polyphyletic

64
Q

Two sexual reproductive structures of oomycetes

A
  • Antheridium

- Oogonium

65
Q

A type of microbe that can only complete its life cycle on living plant tissue

A

Obligate biotroph

66
Q

Traits are retained through descent within an evolutionary lineage

A

Evolutionarily conserved traits

67
Q

The scientific field of creating hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships among taxa

A

Systematics

68
Q

Cross-walls that divide hyphae

A

Septa (plural)

Septum (singular)

69
Q

Asexual part of fungi life cycle

A

Anamorph

70
Q

Oomycetes fall into the evolutionary group called ____________, which includes _____________

A

“Sar”; Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria

Plant Disease Ecology (3 decks)

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