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FOPC > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Epidemiology?

A

This looks at the nature and the type of illness using the numerical science of epidemiology
It looks at the time, place and person affected by the illness

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2
Q

What are the 3 main objectives of epidemiology?

A

Description - to describe the distribution of the disease in the human population
Explanation - to give clues to the natural history of the disease and possible etiological factors
Disease control - to provide a basis in which we can find areas to implement and develop therapeutic strategies

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3
Q

What is relative risk?

A

Strength of association

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4
Q

What is the equation for relative risk?

A

Incidence of disease in the exposed group divided by the incidence of disease in the unexposed group

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5
Q

How can you show someone about relative risk?

A

Discussing it, verbal explanation, graphs or pictures

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6
Q

Name 10 sources of epidemiological data

A 
NHS expenditure data
Cancer statistics
Accident statistics 
Drug abuse statistics
Reproductive health statistics
GP morbidity data
Hospital activity statistics 
Mortality data 
Health and household statistics
Social security statistics
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7
Q

What are 5 types of studies?

A 
Descriptive
Case control
Cohort studies 
Cross-sectional studies 
RCT's
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8
Q

What are the 6 things to consider when you are interpreting results?

A 
Standardisation 
Standard mortality ratio
Quality of data
Case definition 
Coding and classification 
Ascertainment
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9
Q

What are the 4 types of bias?

A

Selection bias
Information Bias
Follow up bias
Systematic error

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10
Q

What are the 9 Criteria for causality?

A 
Strength of association 
Consistency 
Coherence
Specificity 
Temporality 
Analogy 
Experiment 
Biological gradient 
Biological plausibility
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11
Q

What is a variable that can have an impact on 2 sets of data that will lead it to favour one?

A

Confounding variable

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12
Q

Define health promotion

A

An over-arching principle which aims to enhance health or prevent disease achieved through legislation or activity modification

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13
Q

Define the 3 types of health promotion and describe each

A

Educational -where knowledge is given in order to allow the person to make the informed choice about their health
Socio-economic - the health choice is the easy choice
Psychological - the complex relationship between a person’s beliefs, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, focusing on whether the person is ready to change

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14
Q

Define health education

A

Any activity where one communicates with an individual or group aimed at challenging those knowledge or beliefs to improve health

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15
Q

Define Health Protection

A

A policy beyond the scope of the individual which aims to prevent ill health or improve health

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16
Q

Define empowerment

A

This refers to the generation of power in an individual who previously considered themselves unable to a control a situation on the basis of their choices

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17
Q

What are the 3 advantages of empowerment?

A

Able to withstand social pressure
Able to put into place effective coping strategies in an unhealthy environment
Heightened state of self-conciousness

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18
Q

What model refers to an individuals ability to modify their behaviour?

A

The cycle of change

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19
Q

What are the 6 steps of the cycle of change?

A 
Pre-contemplation 
Contemplation 
Planning 
Action 
Maintenance 
Relapse
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20
Q

What are the 4 Catford criteria for assessing health promotion?

A

Does the activity understand and respond to peoples needs fairly?
Is it built upon an identifiable approach to health promotion?
Does it demonstrate a sense of direction and coherence?
are there connections made between settings, individuals and community approaches?

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21
Q

What is Primary Prevention?

A

Where measures are taken to prevent the onset of illness or the probability or severity of the resulting symptoms, ie vaccination schedule

22
Q

What is Secondary Prevention?

A

Where a disease is identified at an early stage so that we can prevent the progression of symptoms

23
Q

What is Tertiary Prevention?

A

A activity which aims to lessen disability or distress of the disease

24
Q 
Give examples of heath promotion on the 4 following areas:
Primary Care
Government
Economic
Education
A

Primary Care: Posters, chronic disease clinics vaccination
Government: legislations on smoking and legal drinking age limits
Economic: Taxing on cigarettes and alcohol
Education = HEBS

25
Q

Who’s criteria os used for screening in a population?

A

Wilson and Jugner’s Criteria

26
Q

What are 10 screening criteria?

A

The condition is important
There is a pre-symptomatic phase if the disease
The natural course of the disease is known
Is the test safe
Is the test specific
Is the test sensitive
Is the test cost-effective
Is the test acceptable to the public?
If s there acceptable treatment for the illness
Is the treatment cost-effective
Is the treatment more effective is ti is implemented early

27
Q

What is the definition of sustainability?

A

The ability to continue over a period of time

28
Q

What are the global sustainability reasons for being important to healthcare?

A 
Material inequality 
Climate changes 
Population and consumption 
Resource depletion 
Loss of biodiversity 
Healthcare crises
29
Q

How can we reduce global warming? (5)

A 
Plant based diet
Promote patent resilience 
Modify human behaviour 
Increase use of renewables
Educate on literacy and numeracy
30
Q

What can we do to make the NHS sustainable?

A

Use sustainable grown food
Greener building design and construction
Priorities environmental health
Reduce/ be safe in the deposition of waste
Use energy efficiently
Reduce water consumption
Improve travel strategies

31
Q

What is the definition of resilience?

A

Ability to quickly return to a previous good condition

32
Q

What are the factors that contribute to a sustainable career?

A

Job security
Financial security
Job satisfaction
Respect for the professionalism and knowledge
Ability to work in a team over a period of time
Appreciation for being in the role of a doctor
Ability to develop knowledge and interests
Work life balance

33
Q

What are the challenges to a sustainable career?

A 
Considerable and rapid workload
Time management 
Increasingly complex care
Care vs cure
Relentless arrival of mail and blood results and not having enough time to go through them diligently 
Running a business 
Harmonious and effective
34
Q

What is a sick not now called?

A

Medical 3 Fit note

35
Q

What are the roles of occupational health 10?

A

Advice on work related illness
Advice on fitness to work and workplace safety
Ajustements to keep people in work
Research into work related illness
Help people integrate back into work
Improve attendance and performance
Promote health in the workplace and lifestyle
Ensure compliance with heath and safety regulations
Advice on medical health and ill-heath retirement

36
Q

Describe the following times in graph form?
1950
2000
2050

A

Pyramid
Bulge at middle age
Bulge at over 60

37
Q

What are the 2 things to observe form the population graphs?

A

The population is ageing

There are fewer younger people

38
Q

What may have caused the change in the population graphs?

A

Increased contraception

Better healthcare which prolongs life eg immunisations

39
Q

Define Multi-morbidity

A

The co-existanece of 2 or more long-term conditions in an individual

40
Q

What does anticipatory care planning promote?

A

Philosophy that promotes discussion with individuals, their caress and those close to them, to make decisions about their future health including personal and practical aspects of care

41
Q

Who should get an anticipatory care plan?

A

Anyone who is deemed appropriate
Done in advance
Communicated on a Key information summary

42
Q

What is the WHO definition of Palliative care?

A

Improves quality of life for the patient and their families by providing pain and symptom relief along with spiritual and psychosocial care, from diagnosis’s though to the end of bereavement

43
Q

What scale can you use to select a patient suitable for this?

A

Palliative performance scale

44
Q

Who should get a palliative care plan?

A

Anyone who it is deemed appropriate

45
Q

What should be considered when putting a care plan into place?

A

Where the person wishes to be caused for?
Do they have a DNA CPR?
Do they want to be informed in changes in their condition?
Do they know the full prognosis of their disease?
Does the family know the full prognosis of their disease?

46
Q

What are the 6 criteria of WHO’s Palliative care?

A

Provides relief from pain and symptoms
Affirms life and dying as a normal process
Gives spiritual and psychological support
Neither hastens or postpones death
Provides a support network for the patient to help them to live as actively as possible
Provides a support network for the family through bereavement

47
Q

What are the 5 things that can contribute to a good death?

A 
Pain free
Surrounded by family members
Their wishes and affairs for after death are in order
Death as personal growth 
Death according to personal preference
48
Q

What are the 8 things you should do when breaking bad news?

A 
Listen 
Set the scene 
Find out what the patient already knows 
Find out what the patient wishes to know 
Share the info using common language 
Review and summaries
Allow time for questions 
Arrange a next meeting and a plan of action and support
49
Q

What are the 10 emotions to bad news?

A 
Shock 
Anger
Denial 
Sadness
Guilt 
Bargaining 
Relief 
Fear
Anxiety 
Distress
50
Q

What are the responses to someone who asks for euthanasia?

A

Listen
Acknowledge the issue
Explore the reason for request
Explore how to give the patient more control
Treat any causative symptoms or problems
Remember spiritual issues
Admit powerlessness

51
Q

List points relating to the proactive care resulting from anticipatory care planning

A

Patient on the GP palliative care register and discussed at team meetings
Information on financial support given to patients and careers and referred to the appropriate services
Usual GP and district nurse home visit and support calls
Symptoms dressed with the partnership of allied health professionals as appropriate
Overall care assessed including spiritual and psychological needs
Place where patient wishes to be cared for noted and organised
Care plan and medications at home put in place
End of life pathway used
Noted the patients wishes on where they would like to die, with family bereavement support offered
Staff selection with audits etc

FOPC (1 decks)

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