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Biotics + Bacteria > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Added live bacteria that don’t stay in the gut

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2
Q

Do probiotics stay in the gut?

A

No they don’t become resident in gut

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3
Q

What are the benefits of probiotics?

A
  1. Produce vitamins
  2. Direct antagonism (pathogens)
  3. Competitive exclusion
  4. Barrier function
  5. Reduce inflammation
  6. Stimulate Immune System
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4
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Dietary food for resident gut bacteria

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5
Q

What is the purpose of prebiotics?

A

Provide food/ nutrition- boost numbers of beneficial bacteria

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6
Q

Where can prebiotics be found?

A

They occur naturally in some plants and are added to certain cereals, biscuits etc

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7
Q

What are the benefits of prebiotics?

A
  1. Improve gut function- bulk stool= better transport

2. Manage IBS via reducing inflammatory markers

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8
Q

What are FOS/ inuline prebiotics function?

A

Increase Ca absorption= Inc bone heath

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9
Q

What are GOS/ FOB prebiotics function?

A

Find in infant formula, inc bifido bacteria

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10
Q

What are synbiotics?

A

Combination of pro + pre bionics, not widely used

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11
Q

How does antibiotic treatment work?

A

Antibiotics create a selection pressure against bacteria

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of antibiotic treatment?

A
  1. Bacterial resistance

2. Kills off commensal bacteria- regrowth will be different from original

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13
Q

What bacteria is commonly overgrown after antibiotic treatment? How do you treat this?

A

C.Diff tends to overgrow as spores are antibiotic resistant= recurring infection
Treat via a faecal transplant

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14
Q

What is a Faecal Microbial Transplant?

A

Used to combat C.Diff infection
Sample from a healthy donor- microbe repopulates large intestine (competitive exclusion of C.Diff)
NOTE- Donor has to be screen for virus’, pathogens, fungi etc

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15
Q

What are anaerboic bacteria?

A

Doesn’t require 02 for growth

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16
Q

What are aerobic bacteria?

A

Requires 02 for growth

17
Q

What are facultative bacteria?

A

Can grow with/ without oxygen

18
Q

What are obligate bacteria?

A

Presence of 02 will kill them

19
Q

What happens to bacterial populations as you move down the GI tract?

A

Progressively-
Anerobic
Denser
Obligate

20
Q

What selection pressures of the GI tract change the presence of bacteria as you move further down?

A

pH

Change in transit time in an area

21
Q

What are the roles of Microbiotia?

A
  1. Metabolism of Dietary Components

2. Defence against pathogens

22
Q

How does the Microbiota metabolise dietary components?

A

Microbiota grows on fibre and converts it into smaller products- releases energy into LI

23
Q

What are the advantages of microbiota metabolism of dietary components?

A
  1. Improve faecal bulking- shorter transit time
  2. Release photochemical- Give Antioxidants
  3. Maintain acidic pH
  4. Digest non-digestible components down to short chain FAs
    NOTE- different bacteria produce different types of metabolites needed for all types of function
24
Q

How is lipogenesis involved in energy production for microbiota?

A

Lipogenesis is an energy source for other bacteria via acetate.

25
Q

How does the Microbiota defend the body against pathogens?

A
  1. Colonisation Resistance- via the Barrier Effect (large numbers prevents colonisation of ingested pathogens + inhibits growth- Active Competitive Exclusion
  2. pH Inhibition- Pathogens grow best at a pH greater than 6 (more disease in distal colon due to higher pH and slower transit time)
  3. Mucus Layer- forms a barrier between bacteria and epithelium, bacteria are a secondary barrier to stop adhesion of pathogens (if pathogens broke through would elicit an immune response + inflammation)
  4. Immune System- Gut mucosal immue system is largest lymphoid organ in the body, disruption/ dysbiosis- inflammation
26
Q

What pH do pathogens grow best in and in what area of the GI tract are the most likely to cause disease because of this?

A

Pathogens grow best at a pH greater than 6 and most commonly cause disease in the distal colon due to a slower transit time and low fermentation rate

27
Q

What is an autoimmune reaction?

A

When immune system can’t distinguish between pathogens and commensal

28
Q

What can cause changes to microbiota?

A

Diet
Life Stage
Environment

29
Q

What factors affect the ability of a drug?

A

Absorption- pH, gut length, transit time
Distribution- albumin levels (low=less binding so inc free drug conc.)
Metabolism- gut bacteria, gut wall metabolism
Excretion- Biliary, Kidney rates

Biotics + Bacteria (1 decks)

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