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Y12 Organic Chemistry > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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2
Q

Mass Number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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4
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

weighted average mass of an atom compared to 1/12th of the mass of a C-12 atom

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5
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

weighted average mass of an atom of a particular isotope compared to 1/12th of the mass of a C-12 atom

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6
Q

Relative molecular mass

A

weighted average mass of a molecule compared to 1/12th of the mass of a C-12 atom

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7
Q

First Ionisation Energy

A

energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions

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8
Q

Second Ionisation Energy

A

Energy required to remove one electron from each ion in one mole of gaseous 1+ ions to form one mole of gaseous 2+ ions

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9
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

the number of atoms in 12 g of C-12

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10
Q

Empirical Formula

A

the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound

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11
Q

Molecular formula

A

the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance

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12
Q

ionic bond

A

an electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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13
Q

covalent bond

A

a shared pair of electron held in place by the attraction to the nuclei either side

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14
Q

Dative covalent bond

A

a shared pair of electrons where both electrons come from the same atom

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15
Q

Metallic bond

A

an electrostatic force of attraction between a cation and a sea of declocalised electrons

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16
Q

Electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract a pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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17
Q

Polar bond

A

the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond causing a partial positive and partial negative charge on the atoms either side

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18
Q

s-block element

A

element with its highest energy electron in an s sub-shell

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19
Q

p-block element

A

element with its highest energy electron in a p sub-shell

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20
Q

d-block element

A

element with its highest energy electron in a d sub-shell

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21
Q

homologous series

A

series of compounds with the same functional group each differing by a CH2 group from each other

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22
Q

Isomers

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms

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23
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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24
Q

Chain isomers

A

same molecular formula but a different arrangement of C atoms in the C skeleton

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25
Q

Positional isomers

A

same molecular formula but the functional group is in a different position

26
Q

Functional group isomers

A

Same molecular formula but a different functional group

27
Q

Functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms which give the specific physical and chemical properties to the molecule

28
Q

Enthalpy Change

A

change in heat energy under constant pressure

29
Q

Standard conditions

A

100 kPa and 298 K (25 oC)

30
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

a reaction that gives out energy to the surroundings

31
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings

32
Q

Standard enthalpy of formation

A

enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements under standard conditions. All substances are in their standard states.

33
Q

Standard enthalpy of combustion

A

enthalpy change when one mole of a substance undergoes complete combustion in excess oxygen. All substances are in their standard states.

34
Q

Hess’s Law

A

enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the route taken and depends only on the initial reactants and final products

35
Q

Mean bond enthalpy

A

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of gaseous covalent bonds are broken averaged over a series of different compounds.

36
Q

Activation energy

A

minimum energy required for a reaction to be successful. (It is the energy required to break bonds)

37
Q

Rate of reaction

A

change in concentration of a reactant or product per second

38
Q

catalyst

A

substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being used up

39
Q

How catalysts work

A

by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy

40
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

reaction in which both the forward and reverse reaction happen at the same rate so the concentration of reactants and products remain constant

41
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

if a change of conditions is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the system will act to oppose the change

42
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons. (Can also be gain of O, loss of H or increase in ox number)

43
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons. (Can also be loss of O, gain of H or decrease in ox number)

44
Q

Oxidising agent

A

electron acceptor (the substance being reduced)

45
Q

Reducing agent

A

electron donor (the substance being oxidised)

46
Q

Stereoisomers

A

same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in 3D space

47
Q

Redox reaction

A

reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occur

48
Q

Geometrical isomers

A

same molecular formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms around a double bond

49
Q

Addition reaction

A

Reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a single larger molecule

50
Q

Substitution reaction

A

reaction where one functional group is replace by another

51
Q

Elimination reaction

A

loss of a small molecule from a larger molecule to form an unsaturated compound

52
Q

Electrophile

A

electron pair acceptor

53
Q

Nucleophile

A

electron pair donor

54
Q

Free Radical

A

species with an unpaired electron

55
Q

Homolytic Fission

A

Breaking of a covalent bond so one electron goes to each atom forming free radicals

56
Q

Heterolytic Fission

A

Breaking of a covalent bond so both electrons go to one atom forming a cation and anion

57
Q

Hydration

A

addition of water to a species

58
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Use of water to break bonds

59
Q

Unsaturated

A

Organic compound containing a C=C double bond

60
Q

Saturated

A

Organic compound with only C-C single bonds

61
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

Combination of a large number of monomers to form a single chain

62
Q

Biofuel

A

Fuel produced from renewable biological resources.

Y12 Organic Chemistry (3 decks)

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