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Health and Human Development > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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2
Q

Health Status

A

An individual’s or population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

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3
Q

Physical dimensions of health

A

Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and it’s systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness.

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4
Q

Social dimensions of health

A

Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way.

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5
Q

Life Expectancy

A

An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

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6
Q

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

A

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

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7
Q

Burden Of Disease

A

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in DALY’s.

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8
Q

Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

A

A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

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9
Q

Years Of Life Lost (YLL)

A

The fatal burden of disease of a population, defined as years of life lost due to death.

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10
Q

Years Of Life Lost Due To Disability (YLD)

A

The non-fatal component of the burden of disease and is a measurement of the healthy years lost due to disease or injury.

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11
Q

Mortality

A

The number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor.

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12
Q

Wellbeing

A

A complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

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13
Q

Under-five mortality rate (U5MR)

A

The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.

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14
Q

Morbidity

A

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.

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15
Q

Prevalence

A

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.’

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16
Q

Incidence

A

The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.

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17
Q

Spiritual dimensions of health

A

Not material in nature, but relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings.

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18
Q

Emotional dimensions of health

A

Emotional health relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way.

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19
Q

Physical dimensions of health

A

Relates to the functioning of the body and it’s systems; includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

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20
Q

Social dimensions of health

A

The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

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21
Q

Mental dimensions of health

A

Mental health is the current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information.

22
Q

Chronic diseases

A

Diseases marked by a long duration and frequent recurrence that often progress slowly, especially degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis. Also known as non-communicable diseases.

23
Q

Illness

A

The state of feeling unwell, although the term is also often used synonymously with disease. Illness is a concept that is experienced differently for different people. This can be influenced by factors such as an individuals pain threshold or level of support available to them.

24
Q

Optimal health and wellbeing

A

The best possible state of an individual’s health and wellbeing for their age.

25
Q

Prerequisites for health

A

Before any health in individuals or populations are able to occur, there are 9 prerequisites or basic resources, that need to be available:

  • Peace
  • Shelter
  • Education
  • Food
  • Income
  • Stable ecosystem
  • Sustainable resources
  • Social justice and equity
26
Q

Self-assessed health status

A

An overall measure of a population’s health based on a person’s own perceptions of their health.

27
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number

of deaths among children aged under 1 year in a given period, per 1000 live births in the same period.

28
Q

Maternal mortality

A

Refers to the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications.

29
Q

Formula for calculating DALYs

A

YLL + YLD + DALY’s

30
Q

Dynamic and Subjective

A

Dynamic:
- Constantly changing
Subjective:
- Influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions

31
Q

Dynamic nature of Health and Wellbeing

A

Dynamic refers to the concept that the state of health and wellbeing is constantly changing.
• Changes can occur quickly in response to a range of internal and external factors; for example; illness, injury and relationship breakdown.
• Health and wellbeing can also improve in a relatively
short period of time due to medical interventions such as medication.

32
Q

Subjective nature of Health and Wellbeing

A

Health and wellbeing is also considered subjective in nature and is often influenced by personal feelings and opinions; it is the way an individual perceives their own health and wellbeing.
• Being free from illness and disease is often at the core of how a person feels about their health and wellbeing; including levels of fitness, mobility and body weight. However, there are other factors that may alter ones perception of health and wellbeing; such as culture, age and personal expectations.
• Two different people with similar physical health and wellbeing levels can have quite different perspectives of their overall health and wellbeing.

33
Q

Health and Wellbeing

A

Health and wellbeing can be described as the absence of physical illness, disease and mental distress. Overall state of a person’s physical, social, mental, spiritual and emotional being.

34
Q

The Health Continuum

A
  • > Optimum health and wellbeing
  • > Robust health and wellbeing
  • > Good health and wellbeing
  • > Average health and wellbeing
  • > Signs of illness
  • > Chronic illness
  • > Irreversible illness
  • > Premature death
35
Q

Interrelationships

A

No one dimension of health works independently, and each dimension will influence the others to determine the overall level of wellbeing, the dynamic nature of an individual’s wellbeing and the personal perception that an individual experiences of their health and wellbeing.

36
Q

Examples of physical health and wellbeing

A
  • Consuming a balanced diet
  • Regular physical activity
  • Maintaining an ideal body weight
  • Having appropriate sleep/rest
  • The absence of disease, illness or injury
37
Q

Examples of social health and wellbeing

A
  • Being an active family member
  • Strong communication skills
  • Working effectively as part of a team
  • Maintaining a network of friends
38
Q

Examples of mental health and wellbeing

A
  • Supporting and helping the community
  • Coping with day-to-day demands
  • Using coping mechanisms for stress
  • Having confidence and self-belief
39
Q

Examples of emotional health and wellbeing

A
  • Expressing feelings openly
  • The ability to display resilience
  • Possessing feelings of accomplishment
40
Q

Examples of spiritual health and wellbeing

A
  • Having a sense of happiness and fulfilment
  • Being involved in a community in a way that is appropriate to your belief system
  • Identifying with a belief or faith system
41
Q

Health and wellbeing individually

A

Optimal health and wellbeing benefits an individual by:

  • Increasing their life expectancy
  • Increasing self-esteem and positive self- 
image by helping them to feel good about themselves
  • Enabling the development of meaningful engagement with the wider community
  • Increasing the ability of
 an individual to maintain independent living in older age
  • Reducing medical costs due to illness, allowing individuals to maximise income as a resource
42
Q

Health and wellbeing globally

A

The benefits and importance of experiencing optimal health and wellbeing globally can include:

  • A decrease in the emergence or re-emergence of an infectious disease or other health threat somewhere in the world, which can cross borders
  • A decrease in the vulnerability of older people to non-communicable chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease and the risk factors associated with them
  • An increase in social and mental wellbeing due to a decrease in the number of children from low-income countries dying needlessly from malnutrition or preventable disease
43
Q

Health and wellbeing nationally

A

Examples of the benefits and importance of optimal health and wellbeing nationally in Australia:

  • A healthy population helps to build a productive workforce for Australia, hence increasing national income.
  • When optimal health is experienced by the population, there is a reduction in absences from the workplace as well as a reduction in levels of stress.
44
Q

Peace

A
  • Peace generally refers to a time where there is no conflict or war
  • More government money can be spent on health promotion resources (healthcare, education) instead of fighting war
  • Improved mental wellbeing; less stress and anxiety
45
Q

Sustainable resources

A
  • Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
  • The ability to have ongoing access to these basic resources allows individuals to attend school, sustain employment and recreational activities; all of which promote optimal health and wellbeing
46
Q

Education

A
  • Increases employment opportunities; promotes mental and social health and wellbeing
  • Increases income earning potential; promoting physical and mental health and wellbeing
47
Q

Shelter

A
  • Shelter is a place that gives protection from bad weather or danger. Appropriate and adequate shelter is considered to be a basic human right and is linked to a range of improved health outcomes
  • Promotion of adequate sleep, eating due to access to resources such as cooking facilities
48
Q

Food

A
  • Adequate access to nutritious food is required for the efficient functioning of most systems in the human body, making it a vital requirement for health; particularly physical health and wellbeing
49
Q

Income

A
  • Increased ability to afford healthcare, food, shelter, education
  • When average incomes of individuals are higher, governments are able to increase their tax revenue to provide greater health promoting resources to their communities
50
Q

Social Justice

A
  • Refers to the equal distribution of resources and opportunities
  • Everyone should have access to and equitable provision of services, including education, health and social services, across their lifespan
51
Q

Stable ecosystem

A
  • A stable ecosystem provides many resources for health, including food, air and water which can increase life expectancy and health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

Health and Human Development (1 decks)

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