definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Isogamy

A

= gametes are similar size

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2
Q

Simultaneous Hermaphroditism =

A

male and female reproductive organs at the same time eg earthworm

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3
Q

protandrous:

A

switch from male to female

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4
Q

protogynous:

A

switch from female to male

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5
Q

Low assimilation efficiency

A

= efficiency by which animals convert the food they ingest into energy for growth and reproduction

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6
Q

Syncytial layer –

A

all cells fused, no cell boundaries (= neodermis)

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7
Q

Oviparity =

A

eggs laid and develop outside the mothers body

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8
Q

ovo-viviparity (aplacental viviparity) =

A

eggs retained within mother, no placenta, young born

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9
Q

viviparity (placental viviparity) =

A

retained within mother, placental transfer of nutrients, young born

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10
Q

Iteroparity =

A

Where organisms produce offspring in a series of separate events during and after which the organisms maintain themselves in a condition that favours survival to subsequently reproduce again (slow and steady)

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11
Q

Semelparity =

A

= Where organisms produce all their offspring in a single reproductive event over one relatively short period (fast and furious)

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12
Q

r-selected =

A

production of a large number of offspring (of whom only a minority may survive) as early in life as possible, live fast, die young

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13
Q

K-selected

A

= production of a smaller number of ‘fitter’ offspring with higher chances of survival

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14
Q

Desiccation =

A

extreme dryness

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15
Q

Endodermic

A

= internal generation of heat

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16
Q

Ectodermic =

A

external generation of heat

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

= movement of solutes

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18
Q

Osmosis =

A

movement of water

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19
Q

‘Osmolarity’ =

A

is the sum of osmotically active particles in solution

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20
Q

Osmoregulation =

A

is the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluid & environment

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21
Q

agametic:

A
•	no gametes (eggs and sperm)
•	fission
•	budding
•	Fragmentation
that forms a new organism without fusion with another gamete
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22
Q

parthenogenetic:

A
  • development of unfertilised eggs
  • offspring from a single cell (virgin birth)
  • apomixis (eggs from mitosis)
  • automixis (eggs from meiosis)
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23
Q

fission =

A

separation of a parent into two or more individual

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24
Q

Budding =

A

new individuals arise from outgrowths in existing ones

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25
Q

Fragmentation =

A

= parent’s body broken into several irregular pieces, with some or all regenerating into complete adults

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26
Q

Parthenogenesis =

A

means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell

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27
Q

Apomixis =

A

development of unfertilized single cells
o eggs made by mitosis (suppression of meiosis)
o Genetically identically

28
Q

Automixis =

A

development of unfertilized single cells

o eggs made by meiosis

29
Q

Gynogenesis =

A

sperm required, but DNA not incorporated (females clonal)

30
Q

Hybridogenesis =

A

sperm required, DNA incorporated & expressed, paternal DNA discarded at oogenesis (females ‘hemiclonal’)

31
Q

gonochoristic (= dioecious)

A

separate male and female reproductive parts on different individuals

32
Q

Hermaphroditic (= monoicous)

A

o both male & female structures in the same individual

o simultaneously or sequentially

33
Q

External fertilisation =

A

fertilisation outside of female reproductive tract

34
Q

Internal fertilisation =

A

fertilisation inside of female reproductive tract

35
Q

Cyclic Parthenogenesis =

A

switch between parthenogenesis & sexual reproduction

36
Q

hemimetabolous =

A

gradual metamorphosis, egg → nymph → nymph → nymph → adult
direct development
nymph resembles what the adult will look like minus the wings

37
Q

holometabolous =

A

complete metamorphosis, egg → larvae → pupa → full-sized adult

38
Q

Parasite =

A

An organism that lives in or on a second organism (host), gaining benefits at the expense of the host

39
Q

Ectoparasite =

A

live on the outer surface of the host

40
Q

endoparasite =

A

live inside of the hosts body

41
Q

parasitoid =

A

insects whose larvae develop by feeding upon the bodies of other arthropods (usually insects), resulting in the death of the host

42
Q

Spermatophores =

A

= sperm packets

43
Q

Autotrophs

A

= Synthesise complex molecules from simple inorganic substances, Energy + Light + Chemicals

44
Q

Heterotrophs

A

= Obtain energy by consuming other organisms, Ingest and digest

45
Q

Proventriculus

A

= helps with breaking down the food in insects

46
Q

Browser =

A

eats leaves

47
Q

Grazer

A

= eats grass

48
Q

Axial skeleton =

A

o skull
o vertebral column
o sternum
o ribs

49
Q

Appendicular skeleton =

A

o pectoral girdle
o arm & hand
o pelvic girdle
o leg & foot

50
Q

Fibrous joint –

A

collagen between bones e.g. sutures of skull

51
Q

Cartilaginous joint –

A

bound by cartilage e.g. sternum

52
Q

Bony joint

A

bones fused by osseous tissue e.g. mandibles in childhood

53
Q

Synovial joint

A

bones separated by joint cavity e.g. knee, elbow

54
Q

Sliding filament theory =

A

sarcomere uses energy to slide filaments

55
Q

1st class lever =

A

fulcrum in middle

56
Q

2nd class lever =

A

resistance between fulcrum & effort

57
Q

3rd class lever =

A

effort in the middle between resistance & fulcrum

58
Q

Olfaction =

A

smell sense

59
Q

Ornithischia =

A

bird-hipped on basis of pelvis morphology, Ornithischia includes herbivorous dinosaurs, hadrosaurs, ceratopsians and armoured dinosaurs

60
Q

Saurischia =

A

lizard-hipped on basis of pelvis morphology, Saurischia includes giant sauropods and therapods

61
Q

Foramina

A

is the blood vessels in the bones which help make the bone grow, thus the more of them, the larger the animal

62
Q

ram ventilation

A

fish’s mouth is open so water goes over gills

63
Q

opercular pumping

A

Sucking or blowing water through the mouth by means of lifting the operculum to create a suction mechanism. Used by some fishes to aerate their eggs

64
Q

rhodopsins = retinal + opsin

A

Light-sensitive pigments

65
Q

neocortex

A

the new cortex, more neural space hence increase processing power