Definitions Flashcards
What is meant by Adaptability?
The potential to change with ease
Adrenalin is….
A natural hormone released to speed heart rate up.
What is an agonist?
A muscle or group of muscles that are responsible for a movement.
For example the bicep is the agonist when flexing or bending the arm at the elbow.
What is meant by the term altitude and what type of athletes would train at altitude?
Altitude means a geographical area (of land) which is over 2,000 m above sea level.
Long distance runners may train at altitude to improve their cardiovascular fitness.
a) What is altitude training?
b) Why do athletes use it as a method of
training?
a) Training at altitude where there is less oxygen.
b) The body adapts by making more red blood cells to carry oxygen. The additional oxygen carrying red blood cells is an advantage for endurance athletes returning to sea level to compete.
What is meant by Altitude sickness?
The sickness caused by training at altitude
What is meant by the term Amateur?
Someone who:
- Takes part in an activity as a hobby, rather
than as a paid job.
- They would have another main job outside
of sport.
- Takes part in sport for fun.
What is abduction?
Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body.
Define Ability.
- Inherited characteristic.
- Determines our potential to learn new skills.
What is adduction?
Movement of a bone or limb towards
the midline of the body.
What is Aerobic Exercise?
- Working at a low to moderate intensity
- The body has time to use oxygen for
energy production. - Being able to work for long periods of time. - Summarised as:
glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon dioxide + water.
What is meant by the term aerobic training zone?
Training in the aerobic training zone allows the performer to develop their ability to work aerobically. It is 60-80% of their maximum heart rate.
How do we calculate our aerobic training zone?
- Calculate maximum heart rate (220 bpm) minus age: 220-age.
- Calculate 60% of maximum heart rate.
- Calculate 80% of maximum heart rate.
What is aggression?
Deliberate intent to harm or injure another person.
There are 2 types:
Direct aggression and indirect aggression.
Define agility
The ability to move and change direction quickly, at speed, while maintaining control.
For example changing direction in a game of Basketball to dribble the ball around your opponent.
What are alveoli and where are they found?
- They are small air sacs that are found in the
lungs. - Gaseous exchange takes place here.
What are Anabolic Steroids?
Artificial hormones that mimic testosterone and are illegal in sport.
They increase muscle and bone growth and reduce recovery time.
What is Anaerobic Exercise?
- Working for short periods of time at a high
intensity. - Working without oxygen to breakdown the
energy stored in our body. - Summarised as: glucose → energy + lactic
acid.
What is meant by Anaerobic Training Zone?
- It is 80-90% of their maximum heart rate.
- Training in the anaerobic training zone
allows the performer to develop their ability
to work anaerobically.
What is an antagonist?
- The muscle or group of muscles that relax
to allow a movement to take place. - The antagonist works in pairs with the
agonist e.g. the bicep is the agonist and
the tricep the antagonist when the arm
flexes at the elbow.
What is meant by Arousal?
A physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/readiness that varies from deep sleep to excitement.
What is meant by Articulating Bones?
Bones that meet at a joint to allow movement to take place.
What is meant by the term axis?
An imaginary straight line through the body. There are 3 types of axis:
Sagittal (through the belly button).
Transverse (through the hips).
Longitudinal (head to toe).
Body composition is described as…
The percentage of body weight which is fat and non-fat (muscle and bone).
When thinking about blood what do we mean by backflow?
- Backflow is when blood flows backwards.
- Valves prevent blood from flowing
backwards in veins.
What is a Carbohydrate?
- The body’s preferred energy source.
- Found in foods such as bread and pasta.
Balance
- Maintaining the centre of mass over the
base of support. - Balance can be static or dynamic.
What is a balanced diet?
- A diet that contains the right quantity of
food. - A diet where you only consume as many
calories as you expend (use) each day. - It is also about getting the correct mix of
nutrients.
What is a basic skill?
A simple skill that does not require
much concentration to perform.
What is a beta blocker?
- A drug that calms people down by
controlling heart rate. - They have a relaxing effect.
- They are often used in archery, shooting
and snooker as you need a steady hand for
these sports.
What is blood doping?
- Involves removing blood a few weeks
before competition and then reinjecting it. - It increases the amount of red blood cells in
our blood which means we can transport
more oxygen around the body to our
working muscles.
Blood Pressure is…
- The pressure that blood is under.
- Systolic pressure is the pressure the blood
is under when the heart contracts. - Diastolic pressure is the pressure the blood
is under when the heart relaxes.
What is a calorie?
- A unit of measurement for heat or energy
production in the body. - Usually expressed as Kcal.
What is the cardiac cycle?
The process of the heart going through the stages of systole and diastole (see Blood pressure) in the atria and ventricles (see Heart chambers).
What is circuit training?
- A series of exercise stations.
- Participants will move around the stations
working and resting for a certain length of
time at each station.
Closed season Post (transition)
- A period of rest to recover from the
season. - Players doing gentle aerobic exercise to
maintain general fitness. - Make sure players are fully rested and
ready for pre-season training.
Competition season (peak)
- Playing season.
-Taking part in matches every week. - Maintaining fitness related to the activity
but not too much training as it may cause
players to get tired, which would decrease
performance. - It is also a concentration on skills/set plays
to improve team performance.
What is a capillary?
- A network of blood vessels.
- They are only one cell thick.
Define Cardiac Output
- The volume of blood ejected from the
heart in one minute. - Cardiac Output =
Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
What do we mean by the term
Cardio-Respiratory System?
When the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work together.
Define Cardiovascular Endurance
The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles.
What is meant by hydration?
Having enough water to enable normal functioning of the body.
What is meant by rehydration?
Consuming water to restore hydration.
What is continuous training?
- Involves working for a sustained period of
time without rest. - It improves cardiovascular fitness. -
- Sometimes referred to as a steady state
training.
What is a closed skill?
- A skill that is not affected by the
environment. - It is often performed the same way each
time. e.g a set shot in Basketball.
What is commercialisation?
The management or exploitation of a person, organisation or activity in a way designed to make a profit (money).
Nike sponsor Ronaldo and use him as a way to sell Nike boots to make money.
What is a complex skill?
A skill that requires a great deal of concentration and coordination to perform.
What is the Contract to Compete?
An unwritten agreement between opponents to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules of the sport.
Define Coordination…
The ability to use two or more different parts of the body smoothly and efficiently
What is Deep Breathing?
Taking slow deep breaths whilst relaxed
What is Dehydration?
Excessive loss of water from the body, interrupting normal functions in the body
What is meant by the term Deoxygenated blood?
Blood containing a low concentration of oxygen.
When talking about blood pressure what is meant by Diastole?
The phase of a heart beat when the chambers relax and fill with blood.
The Diffusion pathway refers to…
The distance travelled during diffusion.
Direct Aggression is…
An aggressive act that involves physical
contact with others.
What are Diuretic Drugs?
- Illegal drugs in sport.
- They remove fluid from the body by
increasing the rate of urination. - Often taken by athletes like boxers to make
sure they are within the weight category.
DOMS
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
The pain you feel in your muscles the day after exercise.
What is Dorsiflexion?
Movement at the ankle that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at the ankle joint.
What is an ectomorph?
A somatotype (body type) where people are tall and thin. They have narrow shoulders and narrow hips
What do we mean by effort when thinking about levers?
Effort is the force required to move the load. It is also known as force.
When thinking about levers what does the term effort arm mean?
The distance from the effort to the fulcrum.
What is an Endomorph?
A somatotype (body type) where the person is pear shaped. They have wide hips and narrow shoulders and usually carry lots of body fat.
What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?
EPO is a hormone that increases the red blood cell count and therefore increases our ability to carry oxygen in the blood.
What do we mean by ettiquette?
This is an unwritten rule in an activity, e.g.in football we kick the ball out of play on purpose if a player is injured so they can receive medical attention.
What does EPOC stand for?
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
What is EPOC?
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
The amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise. It involves breathing deeply and very quickly after exercise.
What is the correct term for breathing out?
Exhalation
What do we mean by Expiratory Reserve Volume?
The amount of air that can be forced out after normal expiration.
What happens to our Expiratory Reserve Volume during exercise?
This decreases during exercise.
Extension is….
When there is an increase in the angle of
bones at a joint.
For example when we straighten our arm/leg at the elbow/knee.
What is an externally paced skill?
A skill that is started because of an external factor.
The speed, rate or pace of the skill is controlled by an external factor e.g. opponent or the environment.
Extrinsic Feedback is when…
Information a performer receives about their performance comes from outside themselves, e.g. from a coach.
Extrinsic Motivation is…
The drive to perform well or win
in order to gain external rewards, such as medals, trophies or money.
An extrovert is…
A sociable, active, talkative and
outgoing personality type
usually associated with
team sports.
What is Fatigue?
A feeling of extreme tiredness due to a build up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for a long period of time.
What do we mean by the term feedback?
The information a performer receives about their performance.
What is an isometric contraction?
A muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not change when it contracts. There is no limb movement with this type of contraction.
Kinaesthetic Feedback is…
Feedback received by receptors in the muscles.
What is Lactic Acid?
A mild poison and waste product of anaerobic respiration. It stops the muscles from working, causing the performer to stop exercising.
An Embolism is…
Blockage of a blood vessel causing it to bulge.
Fartlek training is…
Swedish for ‘speed play’. Periods of fast work with intermittent periods of slower work. Often used by games players, ie sprint, jog, walk, jog, sprint, etc.
Goal setting is a
A method to increase motivation and reduce anxiety.
What is a S.M.A.R.T goal?
Goals should be SMART:
Specific – specific to the demands of the sport/muscles used/movements used. Measureable – it must be possible to measure whether they have been met Accepted – they must be accepted by the performer and others involved, eg coach Realistic – they are actually possible to complete
Time bound – over a set period of time.
Performance goals are…
Personal standards to be achieved. Performers compare themselves against what they have already done or suggest what they are going to do. There is no comparison with other performers.
e.g improving on a personal best time in 100m sprint
Outcome goals are…
A goal where the focus in on the end result/winning.
What do we mean by ill health?
A state of poor physical, mental and/or social well-being.
What happens to the heart during a heart attack?
It occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked.
How many chambers are in the heart?
4
Can you name the chambers of the heart?
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
What is meant by HITT?
High intensity interval training.
It’s an exercise strategy alternating periods of short intense anaerobic exercise with less intense recovery periods.
What is Hypertension?
High blood pressure in the arteries.
Describe Interval training
Periods of training/work that are followed by periods of rest, eg work, rest, work, rest
What is an Isotonic contraction ?
Muscle contraction that results in limb movement
What is meant by the term concentric contraction?
Shortening of the muscle.
What is a Eccentric contraction?
Lengthening of the muscle.
