Definitions

Question 1

Conscious proprioception

Answer 1

The conscious awareness of body position and movement of body segments. It is regulated by the lemniscal system through pathways that begin in joint receptors and and in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex; it enables the cortex to refine voluntary movements.

Question 2

Segment

Answer 2

One of the constituent parts into which a body, entity, or quantity is divided or marked off by or as if by natural boundaries.

Question 3

Proximal

Answer 3

Toward the point where a limb or bone is attached to the body; situated close to the center or midline of the body

Question 4

Contracture

Answer 4

An abnormal, often permanent shortening, as of a muscle or scar tissue, that results in the distortion and or deformity, especially of a joint in the body. Shortening of a muscle or tendon because of disease or injury and resulting in distortion and discomfort. An abnormal persistent flexing of a muscle or tendon at a joint, usually caused by a shortening or scarring of tissue.

Question 5

Acute

Answer 5

Of abrupt onset or short duration; referring to a disease of sudden onset and brief course, not chronic, sometimes loosely used to mean severe; short, sharp and quickly over.

Question 6

Proprioceptive deficit

Answer 6

A defect of proprioception in which the Animal acts as though it does not know where it feet are (in contrast to a cerebellar defect when the feet do not end up where the Animal appears to intend that they should go).

Question 7

Proprioception

Answer 7

A collection of different feedback systems in the body.

Question 8

Symptoms of impaired proprioception

Answer 8

Clumsiness or poor body control

Poor control over posture (slumping or having trouble holding head up)

Question 9

Dysfunction

Answer 9

Abnormal or impaired functioning of a bodily system or organ

Question 10

Distal

Answer 10

Situated farthest from the center, median line, or point of attachment or origin.

Toward the extremities of the body

Away from the point of origin of a limb or other structure

Question 11

Morbidity

Answer 11

A diseased condition or state

An illness or an abnormal condition or quality

Question 12

Biomechanics

Answer 12

The study of the mechanics of a living body, especially of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on the skeletal structure.

Question 13

Lemniscal (adj.) / lemniscus

Answer 13

A band of fibers and especially nerve fibers

Question 14

Parietal lobe

Answer 14

The middle division of each cerebral hemisphere that contains an area concerned with bodily sensations

Question 15

Paraspinal

Answer 15

Adjacent to the spine

Question 16

Mechanoreceptor

Answer 16

Any sensory nerve ending that responds to mechanical stimuli, such as touch, pressure, sound, and muscular contractions.

Mechanoreceptors detect sound and touch and initiate balance and stretching. They send this information to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Question 17

Compensation

Answer 17

The automatic movements made by the body to maintain balance.

The improvement of any defect by the excessive development or action of another part of the same structure.

The act of compensating.

Question 18

Cerebral cortex

Answer 18

The largest region of the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.[1] The cerebral cortex is the most anterior (rostral) (outer layer of the…) brain region and consists of an outer zone of neural tissue called gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies. It is also divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure, but the two hemispheres are joined at the midline by the corpus callosum.[2]

Question 19

Chemoreceptors

Answer 19

Chemoreceptors detect smell and taste, and then send this information to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe of the brain.

Question 20

Electromagnetic receptors

Answer 20

Electromagnetic receptors detect visible light, and then send this information to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Question 21

Thermoreceptors

Answer 21

Thermoreceptors detect hot and cold temperatures, and send this information to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.

Question 22

Pain receptors

Answer 22

Pain receptors detect pressure, chemicals, and severe heat. They send this information to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.

Question 23

Somatosensory cortex

Answer 23

The somatosensory cortex receives all sensory input from the body. Cells that are part of the brain or nerves that extend into the body are called neurons. Neurons that sense feelings in our skin, pain, visual, or auditory stimuli, all send their information to the somatosensory cortex for processing.