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Phonetics 4 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

non-rhotic accents

A

only pronounce /r/ before a vowel

e.g. RP, Welsh English, South African English, Australian English

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2
Q

What is glottal?

A

The vocal cords articulate with each other as for [h] in RP how, or for whispered vowels.

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3
Q

3-term label /ð/

A

dental
lenis
fricative

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4
Q

sonorants

A

relatively free escape of the airstream

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5
Q

list all dentals

A

θ,ð

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6
Q

When are initial /p,t,k/ not aspirated?

A

When they are preceded by /s/
/sp, st, sk/
like in Dutch

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7
Q

giggle and season are examples of…

A

last syllabe doesn’t have a vowel but a sonorant

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8
Q

What is bilabial?

A

The two lips articulate with each other, e.g. AN pa

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9
Q

nasals

A

relatively free escape of the airstream through the nose

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10
Q

Difference between

fortis/lenis and voiced/voiceless

A

Fortis / Lenis has to do with muscular effort.
Voiced / Voiceless has to do with the state of the glottis.
Obstruents are fortis/lenis.
Sonorants are all voiced.

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11
Q

at the beginning of a syllable

p,t,k, after an /s/ are

A

not aspirated

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12
Q

What is dental?

A

The tip of the tongue articulates with the upper teeth, as for th in thing, this, that.

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13
Q

sibilants

A

sisklanken: /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/

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14
Q

at the end of a syllable

when p,t,k are followed by another plosive, an … will occur

A

incomplete plosion

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15
Q

list all labio-dentals

A

f,v

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16
Q

What is labio-velar?

A

The lips articulate with each other, while at the same time te back of the tongue articulates with the velum. E.g. RP what.

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17
Q

at the end of a syllable

p,t,k, are mostly

A

inaudible

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18
Q

linking /r/

A

pronouncing /r/ to link to the following vowel
father asks
Far East

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19
Q

3-term label /dr/

A

post-alveolar
lenis
affricate

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20
Q

p,t,k are FORTIS and always…

A

voiceless

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21
Q

/p,t,k/ coda before consonants

A

preglottalisation

taps, catch, sick leave, hunts

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22
Q

schwa-elision before /r/

A

dropping schwa before /r/

e.g. history, dictionary

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23
Q

partially devoiced

A

almost completely voiceless stage 2 (compression)

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24
Q

Why are sonorants more vowel-like than consonant-like?

A

They are all voiced.

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25
Q

liaison

A

when the last consonant of each word is pronounced as if it was the first of the following word starting with a vowel.
Uncle Earnie eats an apple.

(not using a glottal stop before each word starting with a vowel as in AN)

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26
Q

3-term label /l/

A

alveolar
approximant
voiced

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27
Q

list all post-alveolars

A

tr/dr/r

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28
Q

interlanguage

A

transitional forms of language used during the acquisition process, sharing many features of the foreign language as well as certain features of the mother tongue

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29
Q

list all labio-velars

A

w

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30
Q

/b,d,g/ after voicelessness

A

initial devoicing

bill, bus-driver, silk gown

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31
Q

intervocalic plosives /b,d,g/

A

only voiced between 2 voiced sounds

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32
Q

heterorganic

A

articulated in different areas of the vocal tract

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33
Q

The three stages in the articulation of a plosive

A

closing - compression - release

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34
Q

b,d,g are LENIS and only fully voiced…

A

between two vowels

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35
Q

When it comes to dental /θ,ð/

Dutch students should actually concentrate on…

A

not confusing ð with /d/

not confusing θ with /f/

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36
Q

list all palatals

A

j

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37
Q

homorganic

A

articulated in the same area of the vocal tract

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38
Q

/p,t,k/ onset after -s

A

no aspiration
devoicing /l,r,j,w/

spill, stool, squire, scream

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39
Q

list all affricates

A

/tʃ, dʒ, tr, dr/

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40
Q

fricatives

A

narrowing, resulting in friction of the airstream

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41
Q

list all fricatives

A

/θ,ð,f,v,s,zʃ,ʒ,h/

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42
Q

glottal substitution

A

a glottal stop used to replace fortis plosives: football, out there, fitness

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43
Q

affricates

A

begin like plosives, end like fricatives

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44
Q

Assimilation in English

A

practically no assimilation

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45
Q

3 types of obstruents

A

plosives
fricatives
affricates

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46
Q

Final /b,d,g/ are

A

devoiced in RP

Fully voiceless in AN /p,t,k/ like in eet/eed.

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47
Q

dental /t,d,n,l/ when followed by /θ,ð/

A

inserting a pause before and after initially and final /θ/ -> correct way is to concentrate on /s/ instead of /θ/. Nineteens century for example

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48
Q

Elision

A

/t,d/ between consonants: friendship without /d/

others: asked without /k/

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49
Q

difference between /ʃ,ʒ/ in RP and AN

A

RP: hush, rounded lips
AN: spread lips, chips

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50
Q

intervocalic plosives /p,t,k/

A

between two vowels

fortis always voiceless

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51
Q

glottal fricative

A

/h/

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52
Q

intrusive linking /r/

A

Not written, where does it come from?
Law /r/ and Order
Russia /r/ and China

AN: hem je n’hem gezien?

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53
Q

assimilation

A

when a consonant adopts certain features of pronunciation from a neighbouring consonant

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54
Q

lenis fricatives fall apart in two groups:

A

v and ð are better thought of as approximants. They are always voiced.

z and ʒ are initially devoiced after voicelessness
they are intervocalic fully voiced
they are finally devoiced before voicelessness

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55
Q

3-term label /dʒ/

A

palato-alveolar
lenis
affricate

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56
Q

Manner of articulation (part of 3-term label)

A 
Plosive
Fricative
Affricate
Nasal
Approximant
57
Q

th-phobia

A

turn /s/ and /t/ into /θ/

58
Q

When it comes to /v,z, ð, ʒ/

Dutch students should actually concentrate on…

A

making them fully voiced initially and medially

59
Q

list all palato-alveolars

A

ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ

60
Q

three ways of using glottal stop

A
  1. PREGLOTTALISATION
    Is the use of a glottal stop
    • before final /p,t,k/
    • especially when another consonant follows: e.g. steps, picked
    • is good RP
    • don’t overdo it: NO preglottalistion of /b,d,g/
  2. GLOTTAL SUBSTITUTION
     is the replacement of a / p,t,k/ by the glottal stop
     set phrases
     is not good RP in other cases
  3. BEFORE INITIAL VOWEL - only for emphasis
61
Q

3-term label /j/

A

palatal
approximant
voiced

62
Q

/b,d,g/ between voiced sounds

A

full voicing

rubber, stand up, big game

63
Q

3-term label /f/

A

labio-dental
fortis
fricative

64
Q

at the end of a syllable
p,t,k can also be ….
(esp. when followed by another consonant)

A

preglottalised

65
Q

voiced

A

refers to the state of the glottis = when there is vibration of the vocal cords.

66
Q

dark /l/

A

in all other cases (not followed by V or /j/)

e.g. full, middle, build

67
Q

3-term label /p/

A

bilabial
fortis
plosive

68
Q

3-term label /b/

A

bilabial
lenis
plosive

69
Q

aspiration

A

when voicing only sets in some time after the moment of release

70
Q

incomplete plosion

A

when two different (heterorganic) plosives follow each other, for example /p/ and /t/.

AN: ak-te (but not in pakt)

71
Q

Two pronunciations of dental /θ,ð/ in English

A

interdental: tip of tongue between front teeth.

post-dental: tip of tongue against inner edge of top teeth.

72
Q

most important points to remember about assimilation (or consonants in contact)

A

accent-specific
difficult to unlearn
almost subconscious

73
Q

3-term label /k/

A

velar
fortis
plosive

74
Q

th is a social marker

A

using /f/ for /θ/ is socially undesirable

75
Q

3-term label /tʃ/

A

palato-alveolar
fortis
affricate

76
Q

fortis fricatives are always

A

voiceless

77
Q

list all nasals

A

/m,n,ŋ/

78
Q

difference between /t,d/ in AN and RP

A

◦ is denti-alveolar in AN

◦ is alveolar in RP: a bit more back

79
Q

AN /f,s,sh/ are

A

completely voiceless

80
Q

3-term label /d/

A

alveolar
lenis
plosive

81
Q

the problem for AN speakers in the pronunciation of /w/

A 
RP = velar, an u-like sound
AN = labio-dental, u-missing sound
82
Q

lateral plosion

A

/d/ or /t/ + /l/
e.g. middle, little

  • /d,t/: rims/blade + tip of tongue close of mouth
  • rims/sides (lateral) of the tongue lowered to /l/ without movement of tongue tip to /l/
  • plosives /t,d/ released as /l/

Don’t pronounce schwa

83
Q

3-term label /tr/

A

post-alveolar
fortis
affricate

84
Q

rhotic accents

A

r-pronouncing accents
pronounce all /r/
e.g. Scottish English, GA, Canadian English, Irish English

85
Q

/p,t,k/ coda in all other cases (no following consonant)

A

inaudible
weakly affricated release

tap, right, snake

86
Q

/p,t,k/ onset in all other cases (no preceding -s)

A

aspiration
devoicing /l,r,j,w/

pill, tool, choir, cream

87
Q

nasal plosion

A

/d/ or /t/ + /n/
e.g. modern, written

  • /d,t/: rims/blade + tip of tongue close of mouth
  • soft palate lowered for /n/ without movement of the tongue tip
    /t,d/ is released as /n/ through nose.

Don’t pronounce schwa.

88
Q

What is labio-dental?

A

The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth. E.g. AN fee.

89
Q

devoiced allophone of /j/ after

A

ptk

90
Q

3-term label /ŋ/

A

velar
nasal
voiced

91
Q

Gemination

A

Gemination is found when the last consonant in a given word and the first consonant in the following word are the same fricative, nasal, or stop.

calm man [ˌkɑːmˈmæn]
this saddle [ðɪsˈsædəl]

92
Q

list all plosives

A

/p,b,t,d,k,g/

93
Q

three types of assimilation

A

regressive: een boek /əmbʊk/ (b effects n)
progressive: het zout /ətsɔut/ (t affects z)
coalesent: versje /verʃe/ (s and j merge)

94
Q

3-term label /ʒ/

A

palato-alveolar
lenis
fricative

95
Q

final /b,d,g/ lengthen …

A

the preceding voiced portion

96
Q

3-term label /m/

A

bilabial
nasal
voiced

97
Q

What’s the influence of /p,t,k/ on following approximants /l,r,j,w/?

A

They devoice the following approximants (not in Dutch).

98
Q

What do these terms refer to?

  • manner
  • state
  • place
A

To the three term labels for consonants

99
Q

weak affrication

A

the closure is not released abruptly, but gradually

100
Q

devoiced /l/

A

after p,t,k

e.g. clear

101
Q

list all bilabials

A

p,b,m

102
Q

list all approximants

A

/l,w,r,j/

103
Q

devoiced allophone of /w/ after

A

ptk

104
Q

3-term label /r/

A

post-alveolar
approximant
voiced

105
Q

which branch (obstruents / sonorants) is the most consonant-like?

A

obstruents are true consonants

106
Q

at the beginning of a syllable

p,t,k as the first phoneme and followed by a V are

A

aspirated

107
Q

glottal plosive

A

/ʔ/

108
Q

3-term label /z/

A

alveolar
lenis
fricative

109
Q

3-term label /v/

A

labio-dental
lenis
fricative

110
Q

difference between RP and AN /s,z/

A

RP: hiss, spread lips
AN: hush, rounded lips

111
Q

What is alveolar?

A

The tip and/or blade articulate with the alveolar ridge as in telly, sissy.

NB: zero dentals!

112
Q

/b,d,g/ before voicelessness

A

final devoicing

club, read, bagpipe

113
Q

3-term label /g/

A

velar
lenis
plosive

114
Q

3-term label /t/

A

alveolar
fortis
plosive

115
Q

3-term label /w/

A

labio-velar
approximant
voiced

116
Q

AN /v,z,3) are

A

completely voiced when intervocalic

otherwise quite devoiced

117
Q

When are initial /p,t,k/ aspirated?

A

Most of the time, like in Dutch.

Exception: when preceded by /s/

118
Q

What is velar?

A

The back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate as in RP key.

119
Q

approximants

A

relatively free escape of the airstream through the mouth

120
Q

What is palato-alveolar?

A

The blade of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge, while at the same time the front of the tongue raised towards the hard palate, as for sh in RP shore or measure.

121
Q

list all velars

A

k,g,ŋ

122
Q

Insertion of consonants

A
  • intrusive linking /r/

- insertion of /t/ -> /pentsɪl/

123
Q

What is post-alveolar?

A

The tip articulates with the rear edge of the alveolar ridge as in RP Henry.

124
Q

main allophones of /r/ in RP

A
  • voiced post-alveolar approximant: ray, merry, bring

- voiceless post-alveolar fricative: tray, pray, cray

125
Q

3-term label /ʃ/

A

palato-alveolar
fortis
fricative

126
Q

3-term label /n/

A

alveolar
nasal
voiced

127
Q

clear /l/

A

before vowel or /j/

e.g. clear, hollow, million

128
Q

plosives

A

total obstruction, sudden release of air

129
Q

Three term labels for consonants

A
  1. state of the glottis:
    • fortis/lenis (obstruents)
    • voiced (sonorants)
  2. manner of articulation
    • plosives
    • fricatives
    • approximants
    • nasals
    • affricates
  3. place of articulation
    • bilabial
    • labio-dental
    • labio-velar
      etc.
130
Q

different pronunciations in RP and AN of labio-dentals /f,v/

A

RP: produced with top teeth ON lower lip and strong contact
AN: produced with top teeth INSIDE lower lip and weak contact. /v/ is often pronounced /f/ in AN.

131
Q

/j/

RP versus GA?

A

GA drops /j/ after /u/

/nu: jɔ:k/ (New York)

132
Q

relationship between voice portion and sonorants?

A

sonorant is also lengthenth in a voiced portion

133
Q

What is the difference between vowels and consonants?

A

Consonants: some obstruction. Some are with, some without vibration (fortis/lenis).
Vowels: free flow of air, always vibrating vocal cords (voiced)

134
Q

at the beginning of a syllable

as the first phoneme and followed by l,r,j,w

A

devoiced

135
Q

3-term label /θ/

A

dental
fortis
fricative

136
Q

difference between glottal fricative /h/ in RP and AN

A

RP: a whispered version of the following vowel
AN: produced with breathy voice

137
Q

obstruents

A

consonants formed by using some form of obstruction

138
Q

3-term label /s/

A

alveolar
fortis
fricative

Phonetics 4 (1 decks)

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