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1
Q

a-glucose

A

glucose in which the hydrogen atom on carbon atom number one projects above the plane of the ring

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2
Q

ab initio protein modelling

A

model is built based on the physical and electrical properties of the atoms in each amino acid in the sequence

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3
Q

accuracy

A

how closely a measured value is to the true value

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4
Q

active immunity

A

where immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies

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5
Q

active site

A

indented area of the enzyme molecule, with a shape that is complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule

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6
Q

adaptation

A

characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

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7
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between water molecules and the walls of the xylem vessel

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8
Q

affinity

A

strong attractions

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9
Q

agglutination

A

clumping of insoluble antigens molecules caused by cross linking by antibodies that have a number of binding sites

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10
Q

allele

A

version of a gene

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11
Q

alveoli

A

tiny folds in the lung epithelium to increase surface area

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12
Q

amino acids

A

monomers of all proteins, and all amino acids have the same basic structure

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13
Q

amphiphilic

A

attracted to both water and fat - containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

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14
Q

amylopectin molecule

A

a molecule of polysaccharide with glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4, and branches formed by glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 6. it is constituent of statch

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15
Q

amylose molecule

A

a molecule of polysaccharide with long straight chains of a-glucose between 100 and 1000 molecules. constituent of starch and has glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4

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16
Q

anatomical adaptations

A

structural features

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17
Q

anatomy

A

branch of science concerned with studying the bodily structure of living organisms

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18
Q

angina pectoris

A

severe pain in the chest from inadequate oxygen and blood supply, the heart muscle tightens as a result

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19
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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20
Q

anomaly

A

result that does not fit the expected trend or pattern

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21
Q

antibiotic

A

chemical which prevents the growth of microorganisms antibiotics can be antibacterial or anti fungal

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22
Q

antibodies

A

specific protein released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens

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23
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

cell that isolated the antigen from a pathogen and places it on the plasma membrane so that is can be recognised by other cells in the immune system.

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24
Q

antigen

A

a membrane-bound molecule used to recognise pathogens

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25
Q

anti-toxin

A

antibodies that render toxins harmless

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26
Q

aorta

A

main artery of the body in mammals

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27
Q

apoplast pathway

A

route by which water travels through the cell walls and in space between cells of plant tissue when travelling from roots to xylem and form xylem to leaves

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28
Q

apoprosis

A

death of cells which happens as a normal part of an organisms growth and development

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29
Q

archea

A

prokaryotic microorganisms of similar size to bacteria but having some difference of metabolism.

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30
Q

arithmetric mean

A

average value of the numbers in a collection, found by dividing the sum of all values by the number of values in the collection

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31
Q

arteries

A

vessel that carry blood away from the heart

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32
Q

artificial classification

A

classification based on single characteristics

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33
Q

artificial insemination

A

the medical or veterinary procedure of injecting semen from a male animal into the female of the same species

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34
Q

asexual reproduction

A

divide by mitosis to produce new individuals, genetically identical to parent. amoeba and paramecium

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35
Q

assimilates

A

substances that have become a part of the plant

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36
Q

asympotmatic

A

not having any symptons

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37
Q

atria

A

thin-walled chambers of the heart that receive the blood from the veins, and then pass it to ventrical

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38
Q

atrio ventricular node

A

patch of tissue in the heart at the top of the septum that conducts that conducts the excitation wave from the atria to the ventricles

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39
Q

B-glucose

A

glucose in which the hydrogen on carbon number one projects below plane of the ring

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40
Q

b memory cells

A

cells that remain in the blood for a long time providing long-term immunity

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41
Q

bacteria

A

plural of bacterium

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42
Q

bacterium

A

member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls made of murein but lack membrane bound organelles and a nucleus. DNA floats free in the cytoplasm.

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43
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

the ways that behaviour is modified for survival

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44
Q

binary fission

A

type of division in prokaryotic cells and organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria

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45
Q

binomial system

A

system that uses genus name and species name to avoid confusion when naming organism.

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46
Q

biodiversity

A

measure of variation found in the living world

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47
Q

blood

A

the fluid used to transport materials around the body

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48
Q

bohr effect

A

effect extra carbon dioxide has on haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen

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49
Q

bordered pits

A

part of plant cell walls which allow the exchange of fluids between tracheids or vessel elements

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50
Q

bradycardio

A

slow heart rhythm

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51
Q

breathing rate

A

number of breaths per minute

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52
Q

bronchioles

A

smaller airways leading to the lungs

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53
Q

buccal cavity

A

mouth

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54
Q

buffer

A

solution that resists changes in pH so it keeps pH stable

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55
Q

callose

A

large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old or damage phloem sieve tubes

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56
Q

canker

A

sunken lesion in tree bark caused by necrosis

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57
Q

capillaries

A

small vessels with thin walls

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58
Q

carbaminohamoglobin

A

a compound of haemoglobin and co2 and is a form of when carbon dioxide is in the blood within red blood cells. 1/10 of CO2 is carried in blood this way.

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59
Q

carbohydrates

A

group of molecules containing C,H and O

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60
Q

carbonic acid

A

weak acid formed when carbon dioxide reacts with water

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61
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water

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62
Q

cardiac cycle

A

sequence of events in one full beat of the mammalian heart

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63
Q

cardiac muscle

A

special muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers

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64
Q

cartillage

A

form of connective tissue

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65
Q

Casparian strip

A

impermeable, water proof substance in the walls of the endomdermal cells of plant roots, creates a water tight seal between the cells preventing water form entering the xylem via the apoplast pathway

66
Q

catalyst

A

chemical that speeds up the rate of a reaction and remains unchanged and reusable at the end of reaction

67
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

68
Q

chloride shift

A

movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogen carbonate ions leave the cell

69
Q

chromatography

A

technique for separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components of the mixture move at different rates

70
Q

circulatory system (double)

A

one in which the blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body

71
Q

circulatory system (single)

A

blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body

72
Q

ciliated epithelim

A

layer of cells that have many hair-like extensions called cilia

73
Q

CITES

A

convention on international trade in endangered species

74
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

layer of cells that have many hair-like extensions called cilia

75
Q

classifications

A

process of placing living things into groups

76
Q

class

A

taxonomic group of organisms that possess the same general traits eg number legs

77
Q

climate

A

significant, long-lasting changed in weather patterns

78
Q

clonal expansion

A

increase in number of cells by mitotic cell division

79
Q

clonal selection

A

selection of specific B or T cells that is specific to the antigen

80
Q

closed circulatory system

A

one in which the blood is held in vessels

81
Q

coenzymes

A

small organic non protein molecules that temporarily bind to the active site of enzymes.

82
Q

co-factor

A

a substance that has to be present to ensure an enzyme catalyse reaction takes place at the appropriate rate. prosthetic groups are part of the enzyme structure and others form temporary associations with the enzyme

83
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds

84
Q

collenchyma cells

A

cells that have thick cellulose walls and strengthen vascular bundles and outer parts of stems, whilst also allowing some flexibility in these regions

85
Q

colorimeter

A

an instrument for measuring absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution

86
Q

common ancestor

A

most recent individual from which a set of of organisms in a group are directly descended

87
Q

companion cells

A

plant cells that help to load sucrose into the sieve tubes

88
Q

comparative protein modelling

A

scans the amino acid sequence against a database of solved structures and produces a set of possible models which would match that sequence

89
Q

competitive inhibition

A

where the inhibitor molecule has a similar shape to that of the substrate molecule and competes with the substrate for the enzymes active site. it blocks the active site and prevents formation of ezyme-substrate complexes

90
Q

computer modelling

A

model of a process which is created on computer often used for processes that can need the increased calculation speed

91
Q

concentration

A

the abundance of molecules per unit volume

92
Q

concentration gradient

A

measurement of how the concentration of a substance changes from one place to another often across a membrane

93
Q

condensation

A

conversation of gas to liquid

94
Q

condensation reaction

A

reaction when two molecules are joined and water is removed

95
Q

conformational change

A

change in the shape of a macromolecule

96
Q

conjugated protein

A

protein associated with a non-protein macromolecule

97
Q

connective tissue

A

widely distributed animal tissue consisting of cells in an extracellular matrix of protein and polysaccharide; includes bone, cartilage and blood

98
Q

conservation ex situ

A

conservation outside the normal habitat of the species

99
Q

conservation in situ

A

carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment

100
Q

continuous cariation

A

variation where there are two extremes and full range of values in between

101
Q

convergent evolution

A

process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of being adapted to similar environments or ecological niches

102
Q

coronary arteries

A

arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle

103
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a measure of how closely two sets of data are correlated. 1 is perfect

104
Q

cotransport

A

transport across a cell membrane using a carrier protein of two substances both moving in the same direction

105
Q

countercurrent flow

A

two fluids in opposite directions

106
Q

countryside stewardship scheme

A

encourage farmers to manage land in a way that promotes conservation

107
Q

covalent bonds

A

formed when electrons are shared between atoms. very strong

108
Q

crenated

A

shrivelled animal cell that has lost water by osmosis

109
Q

cytochrome c

A

type of cytochrome, an iron-containing protein found within inner mitochondrial membranes and that forms part of the electron transport chain

110
Q

cytokines

A

hormone like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune repsonse

111
Q

cytolysis

A

process where animals cells has a lot of water molecules entering and the cell swells up and bursts as the plasma membrane breaks

112
Q

cytology

A

study of cell structure and function

113
Q

cytoskeletal motor proteins

A

molecule motors such as myosins kensisin and dyneins

114
Q

datalogger

A

electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors

115
Q

denaturation

A

process in which proteins lose their tertiary structure and cant function

116
Q

denatured

A

irreversible change of shape due to high temperatures or pH

117
Q

deoxyribose

A

five carbon sugar derived from the five carbon sugar ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen, at carbon atom 2

118
Q

diaphragm

A

layer of muscle beneath the lungs

119
Q

dicotyledonous plants

A

plants with two seed leaves and a Branching pattern of veins in the leaf

120
Q

`diastole

A

relaxing phrase of the heartbeat cycle

121
Q

differential staining

A

stains that bind to specific cell structures, staining each structure differently so the structures can be easily identified within a single preparation

122
Q

differentiation

A

process by which stem cells become specialised into different types of cell

123
Q

digestive system

A

organs and glands in the body that are responsible for digestion beginning with a mouth and extending through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, ending with the rectum and anus

124
Q

dilate

A

to become wider

125
Q

diploid

A

cell in which the nucleus has two complete sets if chromosome

126
Q

direct transmission

A

passing a pathogen from host to new host

127
Q

disaccharides

A

any of a class of sugar whose molecules contain two monosaccarides residues joined by a condensations

128
Q

discontinuous cariation

A

where there are distinct categories and nothing in between

129
Q

dissection

A

to cut apart tissues, organs or organisms for visual study

130
Q

disulfide links

A

covalent bond between two sulphur atoms, within a molecule they are not broken by heat but can be broken by reducing agents

131
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyses formation of DNA from activated deoxyribose nucleotide using a single stranded DNA as a template

132
Q

domain

A

highest taxonomic rank there are three archea, eubacteria and eukaruyotae

133
Q

double helix

A

shape of DNA molecule due to coiling of two sugar phosphate backbone into a right handed spiral configuration

134
Q

ecosystem

A

a community of interacting organisms and their physical enviroment

135
Q

ectopic heartbeat

A

extra or an early beat of the ventricles

136
Q

elastic fibres

A

protein fibres that can deform and recoil to original size

137
Q

elastin

A

protein made by cross linking a polypeptide. the cross linking make elastin strong and extensible protein it is found in cartilage and ligaments where they need to stretch or adapt their shape as part of life processes

138
Q

electrocardiogram

A

trace that records the electrical activity of the heart

139
Q

electron micrograph

A

photograph of an image seen using an electron microscope

140
Q

elliptocytosis

A

cells being more elliptical in shape than they usually are

141
Q

electroporesis

A

the movement of charged particles/molecules in a fluid or gel under influence of an electric field

142
Q

embryo-transfer

A

a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish pregnancy

143
Q

endemicity

A

refers to degree of a condition being endermic - always present in communities

144
Q

endocytosis

A

bulk transport of molecules, too large to pass through a cell membrane even via channel or carrier proteins into a cell

145
Q

endothelium

A

inner layer or lining of a blood vessel made of a single layer of cells

146
Q

enzyme cascade

A

a sequence of successive activation reactions involving enzymes which is characterised by a series of amplifications stemming from an initial stimulus. the product of each proceeding reaction catalyses the next reaction

147
Q

EPC

A

enzyme molecule with product in active site. both joined temporarily by non-covalent forces

148
Q

ESC

A

enzyme molecule with substrate molecules in the active site. joined by the same bonds as EPC

149
Q

epidemic

A

rapid spread of diseasr through high proportion of the population

150
Q

epidermal tissue

A

tissue consisting of epidermal cells- cells that form the outer layer of cells of a multicellular organism usually has a protective function

151
Q

epithelial cells

A

cells that constitute lining tissue in animals

152
Q

epithelial tissues

A

lining or covering tissue consisting of epithelial cells

153
Q

erythrocyte

A

reed blood cells

154
Q

ester bondn

A

bond formed by condensation reaction of -OH group of carboxyl group and -OH group of an ester

155
Q

eubacteria

A

taxonomic domain consisting of organisms that have eukaryotic cell

156
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle

A

series of events in a ekaryotic leading to its replication to procute two daughter cekks it consists of interphase metaphase and cytokinesis

157
Q

evapouration

A

the change of state of a liquid intot vapour at a temperature below the liquid’s boiling point. evapouration occurs at the surface of a liquid where some molecules of liquid with high kinetic energy escape

158
Q

evolution

A

gradual process by which the present diversity of organisms has developed from an earlier form during the last 30000 million years

159
Q

exocytosis

A

bulk transport of molecules too large to pass through a cell membrane even via channel or carrier proteins out of a cell

160
Q

extant

A

still in exsistance

biology as ocr definitions (1 decks)

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