definitions Flashcards
a-glucose
glucose in which the hydrogen atom on carbon atom number one projects above the plane of the ring
ab initio protein modelling
model is built based on the physical and electrical properties of the atoms in each amino acid in the sequence
accuracy
how closely a measured value is to the true value
active immunity
where immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies
active site
indented area of the enzyme molecule, with a shape that is complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule
adaptation
characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat
adhesion
attraction between water molecules and the walls of the xylem vessel
affinity
strong attractions
agglutination
clumping of insoluble antigens molecules caused by cross linking by antibodies that have a number of binding sites
allele
version of a gene
alveoli
tiny folds in the lung epithelium to increase surface area
amino acids
monomers of all proteins, and all amino acids have the same basic structure
amphiphilic
attracted to both water and fat - containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
amylopectin molecule
a molecule of polysaccharide with glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4, and branches formed by glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 6. it is constituent of statch
amylose molecule
a molecule of polysaccharide with long straight chains of a-glucose between 100 and 1000 molecules. constituent of starch and has glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4
anatomical adaptations
structural features
anatomy
branch of science concerned with studying the bodily structure of living organisms
angina pectoris
severe pain in the chest from inadequate oxygen and blood supply, the heart muscle tightens as a result
anion
negatively charged ion
anomaly
result that does not fit the expected trend or pattern
antibiotic
chemical which prevents the growth of microorganisms antibiotics can be antibacterial or anti fungal
antibodies
specific protein released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens
antigen-presenting cell
cell that isolated the antigen from a pathogen and places it on the plasma membrane so that is can be recognised by other cells in the immune system.
antigen
a membrane-bound molecule used to recognise pathogens
anti-toxin
antibodies that render toxins harmless
aorta
main artery of the body in mammals
apoplast pathway
route by which water travels through the cell walls and in space between cells of plant tissue when travelling from roots to xylem and form xylem to leaves
apoprosis
death of cells which happens as a normal part of an organisms growth and development
archea
prokaryotic microorganisms of similar size to bacteria but having some difference of metabolism.
arithmetric mean
average value of the numbers in a collection, found by dividing the sum of all values by the number of values in the collection
arteries
vessel that carry blood away from the heart
artificial classification
classification based on single characteristics
artificial insemination
the medical or veterinary procedure of injecting semen from a male animal into the female of the same species
asexual reproduction
divide by mitosis to produce new individuals, genetically identical to parent. amoeba and paramecium
assimilates
substances that have become a part of the plant
asympotmatic
not having any symptons
atria
thin-walled chambers of the heart that receive the blood from the veins, and then pass it to ventrical
atrio ventricular node
patch of tissue in the heart at the top of the septum that conducts that conducts the excitation wave from the atria to the ventricles
B-glucose
glucose in which the hydrogen on carbon number one projects below plane of the ring
b memory cells
cells that remain in the blood for a long time providing long-term immunity
bacteria
plural of bacterium
bacterium
member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls made of murein but lack membrane bound organelles and a nucleus. DNA floats free in the cytoplasm.
behavioural adaptations
the ways that behaviour is modified for survival
binary fission
type of division in prokaryotic cells and organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria
binomial system
system that uses genus name and species name to avoid confusion when naming organism.
biodiversity
measure of variation found in the living world
blood
the fluid used to transport materials around the body
bohr effect
effect extra carbon dioxide has on haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen
bordered pits
part of plant cell walls which allow the exchange of fluids between tracheids or vessel elements
bradycardio
slow heart rhythm
breathing rate
number of breaths per minute
bronchioles
smaller airways leading to the lungs
buccal cavity
mouth
buffer
solution that resists changes in pH so it keeps pH stable
callose
large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old or damage phloem sieve tubes
canker
sunken lesion in tree bark caused by necrosis
capillaries
small vessels with thin walls
carbaminohamoglobin
a compound of haemoglobin and co2 and is a form of when carbon dioxide is in the blood within red blood cells. 1/10 of CO2 is carried in blood this way.
carbohydrates
group of molecules containing C,H and O
carbonic acid
weak acid formed when carbon dioxide reacts with water
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water
cardiac cycle
sequence of events in one full beat of the mammalian heart
cardiac muscle
special muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers
cartillage
form of connective tissue
Casparian strip
impermeable, water proof substance in the walls of the endomdermal cells of plant roots, creates a water tight seal between the cells preventing water form entering the xylem via the apoplast pathway
catalyst
chemical that speeds up the rate of a reaction and remains unchanged and reusable at the end of reaction
cation
positively charged ion
chloride shift
movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogen carbonate ions leave the cell
chromatography
technique for separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components of the mixture move at different rates
circulatory system (double)
one in which the blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body
circulatory system (single)
blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body
ciliated epithelim
layer of cells that have many hair-like extensions called cilia
CITES
convention on international trade in endangered species
ciliated epithelium
layer of cells that have many hair-like extensions called cilia
classifications
process of placing living things into groups
class
taxonomic group of organisms that possess the same general traits eg number legs
climate
significant, long-lasting changed in weather patterns
clonal expansion
increase in number of cells by mitotic cell division
clonal selection
selection of specific B or T cells that is specific to the antigen
closed circulatory system
one in which the blood is held in vessels
coenzymes
small organic non protein molecules that temporarily bind to the active site of enzymes.
co-factor
a substance that has to be present to ensure an enzyme catalyse reaction takes place at the appropriate rate. prosthetic groups are part of the enzyme structure and others form temporary associations with the enzyme
cohesion
attraction between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds
collenchyma cells
cells that have thick cellulose walls and strengthen vascular bundles and outer parts of stems, whilst also allowing some flexibility in these regions
colorimeter
an instrument for measuring absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution
common ancestor
most recent individual from which a set of of organisms in a group are directly descended
companion cells
plant cells that help to load sucrose into the sieve tubes
comparative protein modelling
scans the amino acid sequence against a database of solved structures and produces a set of possible models which would match that sequence
competitive inhibition
where the inhibitor molecule has a similar shape to that of the substrate molecule and competes with the substrate for the enzymes active site. it blocks the active site and prevents formation of ezyme-substrate complexes
computer modelling
model of a process which is created on computer often used for processes that can need the increased calculation speed
concentration
the abundance of molecules per unit volume
concentration gradient
measurement of how the concentration of a substance changes from one place to another often across a membrane
condensation
conversation of gas to liquid
condensation reaction
reaction when two molecules are joined and water is removed
conformational change
change in the shape of a macromolecule
conjugated protein
protein associated with a non-protein macromolecule
connective tissue
widely distributed animal tissue consisting of cells in an extracellular matrix of protein and polysaccharide; includes bone, cartilage and blood
conservation ex situ
conservation outside the normal habitat of the species
conservation in situ
carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment
continuous cariation
variation where there are two extremes and full range of values in between
convergent evolution
process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of being adapted to similar environments or ecological niches
coronary arteries
arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle
correlation coefficient
a measure of how closely two sets of data are correlated. 1 is perfect
cotransport
transport across a cell membrane using a carrier protein of two substances both moving in the same direction
countercurrent flow
two fluids in opposite directions
countryside stewardship scheme
encourage farmers to manage land in a way that promotes conservation
covalent bonds
formed when electrons are shared between atoms. very strong
crenated
shrivelled animal cell that has lost water by osmosis
cytochrome c
type of cytochrome, an iron-containing protein found within inner mitochondrial membranes and that forms part of the electron transport chain
cytokines
hormone like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune repsonse
cytolysis
process where animals cells has a lot of water molecules entering and the cell swells up and bursts as the plasma membrane breaks
cytology
study of cell structure and function
cytoskeletal motor proteins
molecule motors such as myosins kensisin and dyneins
datalogger
electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors
denaturation
process in which proteins lose their tertiary structure and cant function
denatured
irreversible change of shape due to high temperatures or pH
deoxyribose
five carbon sugar derived from the five carbon sugar ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen, at carbon atom 2
diaphragm
layer of muscle beneath the lungs
dicotyledonous plants
plants with two seed leaves and a Branching pattern of veins in the leaf
`diastole
relaxing phrase of the heartbeat cycle
differential staining
stains that bind to specific cell structures, staining each structure differently so the structures can be easily identified within a single preparation
differentiation
process by which stem cells become specialised into different types of cell
digestive system
organs and glands in the body that are responsible for digestion beginning with a mouth and extending through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, ending with the rectum and anus
dilate
to become wider
diploid
cell in which the nucleus has two complete sets if chromosome
direct transmission
passing a pathogen from host to new host
disaccharides
any of a class of sugar whose molecules contain two monosaccarides residues joined by a condensations
discontinuous cariation
where there are distinct categories and nothing in between
dissection
to cut apart tissues, organs or organisms for visual study
disulfide links
covalent bond between two sulphur atoms, within a molecule they are not broken by heat but can be broken by reducing agents
DNA polymerase
enzyme that catalyses formation of DNA from activated deoxyribose nucleotide using a single stranded DNA as a template
domain
highest taxonomic rank there are three archea, eubacteria and eukaruyotae
double helix
shape of DNA molecule due to coiling of two sugar phosphate backbone into a right handed spiral configuration
ecosystem
a community of interacting organisms and their physical enviroment
ectopic heartbeat
extra or an early beat of the ventricles
elastic fibres
protein fibres that can deform and recoil to original size
elastin
protein made by cross linking a polypeptide. the cross linking make elastin strong and extensible protein it is found in cartilage and ligaments where they need to stretch or adapt their shape as part of life processes
electrocardiogram
trace that records the electrical activity of the heart
electron micrograph
photograph of an image seen using an electron microscope
elliptocytosis
cells being more elliptical in shape than they usually are
electroporesis
the movement of charged particles/molecules in a fluid or gel under influence of an electric field
embryo-transfer
a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish pregnancy
endemicity
refers to degree of a condition being endermic - always present in communities
endocytosis
bulk transport of molecules, too large to pass through a cell membrane even via channel or carrier proteins into a cell
endothelium
inner layer or lining of a blood vessel made of a single layer of cells
enzyme cascade
a sequence of successive activation reactions involving enzymes which is characterised by a series of amplifications stemming from an initial stimulus. the product of each proceeding reaction catalyses the next reaction
EPC
enzyme molecule with product in active site. both joined temporarily by non-covalent forces
ESC
enzyme molecule with substrate molecules in the active site. joined by the same bonds as EPC
epidemic
rapid spread of diseasr through high proportion of the population
epidermal tissue
tissue consisting of epidermal cells- cells that form the outer layer of cells of a multicellular organism usually has a protective function
epithelial cells
cells that constitute lining tissue in animals
epithelial tissues
lining or covering tissue consisting of epithelial cells
erythrocyte
reed blood cells
ester bondn
bond formed by condensation reaction of -OH group of carboxyl group and -OH group of an ester
eubacteria
taxonomic domain consisting of organisms that have eukaryotic cell
eukaryotic cell cycle
series of events in a ekaryotic leading to its replication to procute two daughter cekks it consists of interphase metaphase and cytokinesis
evapouration
the change of state of a liquid intot vapour at a temperature below the liquid’s boiling point. evapouration occurs at the surface of a liquid where some molecules of liquid with high kinetic energy escape
evolution
gradual process by which the present diversity of organisms has developed from an earlier form during the last 30000 million years
exocytosis
bulk transport of molecules too large to pass through a cell membrane even via channel or carrier proteins out of a cell
extant
still in exsistance
