definitions

Question 1

ADL

Answer 1

daily self-care activities, used to assess the functional status of an individual, particularly disabled, elderly

Question 2

birth rate

Answer 2

number of live births per pop per yr

Question 3

clinical audit

Answer 3

an improvement process of a clinical process

uses systematic review again specific criteria and an implementation of change

Question 4

clinical effectiveness

Answer 4

degree to which an organisation ensures best practise is being followed

Question 5

coping

Answer 5

process of managing stress

Question 6

critical appraisal

Answer 6

carefully + systemically judging research on its trustworthiness, value, relevance

Question 7

culture

Answer 7

system of shared beliefs, values, ideas that underlie the lives of a group of human beings

Question 8

death rate

Answer 8

no of death per pop in a specific time, (crude: doesn’t take into account age) age standardised: takes into account age range

Question 9

disease

Answer 9

physiological, psychological dysfunction, same process in each individual that has it

Question 10

disease prevention

Answer 10

measures taken to prevent disease rather than treatment or cure symptoms

Question 11

ethnicity

Answer 11

cultural practices and outlooks that distinguish a particular group of people. may include a common language, beliefs or traditions.

Question 12

gender

Answer 12

social implications of female or male

Question 13

hazard

Answer 13

potential to do harm

Question 14

health promotion

Answer 14

enabling people to improve and control their health

Question 15

illness

Answer 15

individual’s perception / subjective notion of disease

Question 16

incidence

Answer 16

number of new cases of a disease in pop over specific time period

Question 17

infant mortality

Answer 17

death rate (1yr) children <1yo, number of live births as a denominator

often used as estimate of level of health in a community

Question 18

life expectancy at brith

Answer 18

average number of years a newborn can be expected to live

Question 19

morbidity rate

Answer 19

number of cases of non fatal diseases in a population in a given time

Question 20

peri-natal mortality rate

Answer 20

all still births, deaths in first week of life, as a proportion of all birth over specific time period

Question 21

prevalence

Answer 21

total number of cases of disease per pop at any time

Question 22

QOL

Answer 22

general well-being of individuals and societies. Refers to physical, mental, social and emotional functioning.

Question 23

QUALY

Answer 23

measure of disease burden on quality and quantity of life

Question 24

race

Answer 24

group of people linked by bio or genetic factors

Question 25

risk

Answer 25

likelihood of harm occurring

Question 26

self-efficacy

Answer 26

person’s belief in their ability to succeed / manage in particular situation

Question 27

sex

Answer 27

biological characteristics of men and women

Question 28

social classes

Answer 28

1: professionals
2: managerial/technical
3: skilled, non manual
4: skilled + manual
5: partly skilled manual
6: unskilled

Question 29

stress

Answer 29

boys response to demands

Question 30

sick role

Answer 30

temporary, medically sanctioned social role of being sick (excused from normal responsibilities).

Question 31

health and normality

Answer 31

Health is a state of complete physical, emotional and psychological well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity.

Question 32

three aims of epidemiology

Answer 32

1. Description
   a. amount and distribution of disease in a human population
2. Explanation
   a. Natural history and identity of aetiological factors of disease
3. Disease Control
   a. Provide a basis on which to base preventative measures, public health practices and therapeutic strategies implemented, developed and monitored and evaluated.