Definitions Flashcards
Behavioural determinants
Actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group
that impact on health, such as smoking, sexual activity,
participation in physical activity, eating practices.
Bilateral aid
Where aid is given by one country directly to another. An example of bilateral aid is when Australia provides aid to East Timor.
Biological determinants
Factors relating to the body that impact on health, such
as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure,
cholesterol levels.
Biomedical model of health
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.
Burden of disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries.
Specifically it measures the gap between current health
status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an
old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the Disability Adjusted Life Year
(DALY).
Determinants of health
‘Factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual. Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends in health and why some groups have better or worse health than others.’ (AIHW, 2006). Determinants can be classified in many ways such as biological,behavioural, physical environment and social.
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one
year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.
Emergency aid
The rapid assistance given to people or countries in
immediate distress to relieve suffering, during and after
man-made emergencies such as wars and natural
disasters such as flood, tsunami or earthquake. The term emergency aid can also be called ‘humanitarian aid’.
Food security
‘The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally
adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly
through local non-emergency sources.’ (VicHealth, 2008
Global health
The health of populations in a worldwide context that
go beyond the perspectives and concerns of individual
countries. Global health is about an international
collaborative approach to achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.
Health
‘A complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing,and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)
A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Health status
‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’
Human development
Creating an environment in which people can develop
to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives
in accord with their needs and interests. It is about
expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities
(the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
Human Development Index
A tool developed by the United Nations to measure
and rank countries’ levels of social and economic
development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions – health, education and living standards, and four indicators – life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita.
Life expectancy
‘An indication of how long a person can expect live, it
is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a
particular age if death rates do not change.’
Mental dimensions of health
‘State of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.’
Morbidity
‘Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill
health in a population or group.’
Mortality strata
The World Health Organization classifies countries into five mortality strata based on the mortality rates of children under five years of age and adult males aged 19-59.
Multilateral aid
Where aid is provided through an international
organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations
or World Health Organization. Multilateral aid combines
donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to the recipients.
NHPA’s
The NHPA initiative seeks to focus the health sector’s attention on diseases or conditions that have a major impact on the health of Australians.
Non-government organisation (NGO) aid
NGOs take different approaches to aid, which include
specific projects or programs, emergency aid,
volunteering, education and development. The aid
provided by NGOs often focus on communities.
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
An approach to health development by the World Health Organization which attempts to reduce inequalities in health
Physical dimension of health
Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its
systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform
tasks and physical fitness.
