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Logical Falacies > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Abusive Anology

A

Comparing your opponent to people or ideas that are hated.

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2
Q

Accent

A

Changing the meaning of your opponents statements by putting stress on different words.

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3
Q

Accident

A

Supposing freak features of an exceptional case justify a rejection of a general rule.

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4
Q

Affirming the Consequent

A

Implying the cause from the effect.

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5
Q

Amphiboly

A

Occurs whenever the whole meaning of a statement can be taken in many different ways.

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6
Q

Analogical Fallacy

A

Assuming since things are alike in certain respects, they must also be in others.

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7
Q

Apriorism

A

Using principles to rejects facts.

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8
Q

Argumentum ad Baculum

A

Introduces force as a means of persuasion.

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9
Q

Bifurcation

A

Only presenting two viable options when more are available.

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10
Q

Bogus Dilemma

A

Falsely presenting a dilemma where none exists.

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11
Q

How to deal with a Bogus Dilemma

A

By the horns - Denying the consequences of the actions
Between the horns - Showing the option is false
Rebuttal - Re-fabricating the dilemma with the same choices, but the consequences are suited to your purposes.

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12
Q

Circular Reasing

A

Using as evidence a fact which is authenticated by the very conclusion it supports.

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13
Q

Complex Question

A

Asking a yes or no question with a hidden assumption.

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14
Q

Composition

A

Applying characteristics of a member of a class to the whole group.

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15
Q

Concealed Quantification

A

Occurs when the ambiguity of an expression permits a misunderstanding of the quantity which is spoken of.

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16
Q

Conclusion denies premises

A

The conclusion is not consistent with the premises used to support it.

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17
Q

Contradictory Premises

A

Two premises are not consistent.

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18
Q

Argumentum ad Crumentam

A

Assumes that money or possessions is a measure of correctness.

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19
Q

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

A

Assumes that since two things happened simultaneously, they must have caused one another.

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20
Q

Damning the Alternatives

A

Arguing for one alternative by ridiculing all the others.

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21
Q

Definitional Retreat

A

Somebody changes the meaning of the words to avoid an objection raised against the original wording.

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22
Q

Denying the Antecedent

A

Assuming that since a cause has not happened, the effect will not happen either.

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23
Q

Dicto Simpliciter

A

The application of a broad general rule to a specific case whose special features might make it exceptional.

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24
Q

Division

A

Applying the characteristics of a group to one of it’s members.

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25
Q

Emotional Appeals

A

Appealing to emotion rather than to reason.

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26
Q

List the 8 Emotional Appeals

A

To fear (Argumentum ad Metum),to envy (Argumentum ad Invidiam), to hatred (Argumentum ad Odium), to superstition (Argumentum ad Superstitionem), to pride (Argumentum ad Superbiam), Tempt our preference to a quiet life (Argumentum ad Modum), Says sentiment is better than reason (Argumentum ad Sentimens Superior)

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27
Q

Complex Division

A

Assumes the subclasses of the whole share the same properties of the entire class.

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28
Q

Equivocation

A

Changing the meaning of a word in the middle of and argument.

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29
Q

Appeal to Shame

A

Inviting people to assent not from conviction, but out of shame and fear of looking unintelligent.

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30
Q

Exception that Proves the Rule

A

Dismissal of a valid objection to an argument.

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31
Q

Exclusive Premises

A

When both premises in an argument are negative.

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32
Q

Existential Falacy

A

Occurs when we draw a conclusion which implies existence from premises which do not apply that.

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33
Q

Ex Post Facto Statisticts

A

Perpetrated when we apply probability laws to past events.

34
Q

Extensional Pruning

A

Changing words from their commonly understood definition to a literal definition.

35
Q

False Conversion

A

Swapping terms in a universal affirmative or particular negative statement.

36
Q

False Precision

A

Incurred when exact numbers are used for inexact notions.

37
Q

Appeal to Technology

A

Using technical jargon to deceive the audience into assuming what you say is necessarily true.

38
Q

Gamblers Fallacy

A

The belief will that future outcomes will be affected by previous one.

39
Q

Genetic Fallacy

A

Dismissing a viewpoint because of how it began or who originated it.

40
Q

Bulverism

A

Dismissing a viewpoint because of how somebody came to believe it.

41
Q

Half-Concealed Qualification

A

The words themselves express a limited claim, but it is glossed over by the stress and construction.

42
Q

Hedging

A

Sheltering behind ambiguous meanings so they can be changed later.

43
Q

Argumentum ad Hominen, (Abusive)

A

Attacking the arguer instead of the argument being put forth.

44
Q

Argumentum ad Hominen, (Circumstantial)

A

An appeal to the special circumstances of your opponent.

45
Q

Argumentum ad Ignorantum

A

Committed when we use our lack of knowledge about something in order to infer it’s opposite is the case.

46
Q

Ignoranto Elenchi

A

Legitimately proving one thing in order to prove another.

47
Q

Illicit Process

A

If a term in the conclusion refers to the whole of the class it must also in the premises.

48
Q

Irrelevant Humor

A

Introducing jocular material in order to divert attention away from the argument.

49
Q

Argumentum ad Lapidem

A

Ignoring an argument altogether; refusing to discuss it’s central claim.

50
Q

Argumentum ad Lazaram

A

Supposing because somebody is poor they must be sounder or more virtuous.

51
Q

Loaded Words

A

When words are used to more favorable or hostile then the unadorned facts would elicit.

52
Q

Argumentum ad Misericordiam

A

Using pity instead of reason to support a conclusion.

53
Q

Argumentum ad Nauseum

A

Using constant repetition to make you point be more readily accepted.

54
Q

Non-Anticipation

A

Assuming everything already worth doing has already been done.

55
Q

Argumentum ad Novitam

A

Assuming that newer ideas are better simply because of their novelty.

56
Q

Argumentum ad Numeram

A

Assuming that large numbers of people are less likely to be wrong.

57
Q

One-Sided Asseesment

A

Only taking one side of an argument into consideration.

58
Q

Petitio Principii

A

Rewording the conclusion and repeating it as a argument.

59
Q

Poisoning the Well

A

Making unpleasant remarks about anyone who might disagree with a chosen position.

60
Q

Argumentum ad Populum

A

Appealing to popular attitudes instead of presenting relevant material.

61
Q

Positive Conclusion from Negative Premisises

A

Persuading people that things belong to a class by saying what does not belong.

62
Q

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

A

Because something happened prior to something else it must have caused it.

63
Q

Quaternio Terminum

A

Using four terms in a syllogism.

64
Q

Red Herring

A

Introducing irrelevant material into an argument.

65
Q

Refuting the Example

A

Dismissing evidence provided instead of the actual argument.

66
Q

Redification

A

The supposition that words must denote real things.

67
Q

Runaway Train Fallacy

A

Committed when an argument used to support a cause of action is also used to support more of it.

68
Q

Secundum Quid

A

Using inadequate evidence to support a case.

69
Q

Shifting Ground

A

Shifting the substance of what you were saying.

70
Q

Shifting the Burden of Proof

A

Putting forward an assertion without justification on the basis that the audience disprove it if it is to be rejected.

71
Q

Slippery Slope

A

Supposing a single step in a direction sets you sliding all the way to an extreme.

72
Q

Special Pleading

A

Asking for an unjustified exception to a rule.

73
Q

Straw Man

A

Changing your opponents position to more easily attack him.

74
Q

Argumentum ad Temoerantiam

A

Suggesting that the moderate view is the correct one

75
Q

Thatcher’s Blame

A

Blaming someone no matter the outcome.

76
Q

Trivial Objections

A

Opposing something based on minor or incidental aspects of it.

77
Q

Tu Quoque

A

When a case is undermined by pointing out the proponent himself is guilty of the crime

78
Q

Unaccepted Enthymemes

A

Where the unsaid statement of a enthymeme is unaccepted.

79
Q

Undistributed Middle

A

When neither statement has the middle term occupying it’s whole class.

80
Q

Unobtainable Perfection

A

Dismissing an argument on the grounds that it is not perfect.

81
Q

Ipse Dixit

A

Appealing to an authority not qualified in the subjected being discussed.

82
Q

Wishful Thinking

A

Assuming a statement to be true just because we want it to be so.

Logical Falacies (1 decks)

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