Definitions

Question 1

Phenotypic sex

Answer 1

individuals sex as determined by their internal and external genitalial, expression of secondary sex characteristics and behavior

Question 2

Chromosomal (genotypic) sex

Answer 2

sex as determined by the presence of the XX or XY genotype

Question 3

Gender

Answer 3

refers more broadly to an individuals subjective perceptive of their sex and their sexual orientation. Gender identity entails self-appraisal according to the traits most often associated with one sex or the other, and these can be influenced by cultural norms.

Question 4

Gonadal sex

Answer 4

determined by the basis of the gonadal tissue present

Question 5

Hormonal sex

Answer 5

glandular secretions involved in the regulation of sex functions, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. These hormones influence the secondary sex characteristics and stimulate gamete production

Question 6

Brain sex

Answer 6

Growing evidence that male and female brains are wired differently. May explain why men are better at some things (eg, synstemising) and women at others (eg, empathizing).
• Aristotle: “the female is softer in disposition, more mischievous, less simple, more impulsive, more attentive to nuture. The male is more spirited, more savage, more simple and less cunning”

Question 7

Imprinted sex

Answer 7

The process by which a young animal learns the characteristics of a desirable mate. eg) male zebra finches prefer mates with the appearance of the female that rears them, rather then the birth parent.

Question 8

Cellular sex

Answer 8

Recently becoming accepted that cells have a sex. eg) Transplanted muscle-derived stem cells into disease muscle regenerates it. But they are unpredictable, sometimes they promote fast regenerate, other times none at all. Muscle taken from female mice regenerate new muscle faster than muscle taken from male. Cells taken from male and female also respond differently to stress.

Question 9

Polygyny

Answer 9

Where the male mates with more than one female

Question 10

Polyandry

Answer 10

Where the female mates with more than one male

Question 11

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 11

the difference in appearance between males and females of the same species, such as colour, shape, size and structure, that are caused by the inheritance of one or the other sexual pattern in the genetic material.

Question 12

Sexual selection

Answer 12

depends on the success of certain individuals over others of the same sex.

Question 13

Sexual Mimicry

Answer 13

Where the sex of one species resembles the other

Question 14

Adolescence

Answer 14

Phase of gradual transition between childhood and adulthood

Question 15

Puberty

Answer 15

When an immature individual gains the behavioural and physical attributes which will allow him or her to reproduce.

Question 16

Social/Affiliative bonds

Answer 16

Social and emotional dependence between individuals that promotes reproductive success and survival

Question 17

Pheromone

Answer 17

Karlson and Luscher define pheromones as → substances secreted to the outside of an individual and received by a second individual of the same species in which they release a specific reaction, eg, a definitive behavior (releaser pheromone) or a developmental process (primer pheromone).

Question 18

Genomic Imprinting

Answer 18

The epigenetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner.

Question 19

Semelparity

Answer 19

The occurrence of a single act of reproduction during an organisms lifetime

Question 20

Eusociality

Answer 20

Extreme form of reproductive specialisation in which only one (or very few) individual breeds in a colony.