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GE CLUSTER AGING > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years people in a given populations can expect to live

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2
Q

Life span

A

The longest number of years any member of a species has been known to survive

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3
Q

What is the avg life expectancy for males and females?

A

80 females

75 males

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4
Q

What percent of the U.S. is 65+ now and what will that percent be in 2030?

A

Now-12%

2030-24%

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5
Q

Chronological age

A

Based on years (number)

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6
Q

Psychological age

A

Based on cog abilities (memory, personality, intelligence

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7
Q

Biological/functional age

A

Based on physical abilities

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8
Q

Social age

A

Based on social role (student)

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9
Q

Subjective age

A

You’re as young as you feel

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10
Q

Environmental press

A

Demands of the environment on an individual

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11
Q

Bio perspective

A

Increasing vulnerability, heredity/environment interactions, evolution of lifespan

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12
Q

Psychological perspective

A

Development stages, personal life events, coping and adaptation

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13
Q

Social perspective

A

Role changes, economics, family and support networks, policy implications

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14
Q

What are premature aging conditions

A

Progeria
Werners syndrome
Hutchinson gilford
Down syndrome

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15
Q

What are the three main groups of aging in the life course perspective

A

Biography
Sociocultural
Sociobiological

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16
Q

Age differences vs age changes

A

Age diff are ways that one gen differs from another

Age changes are ways people change over time

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17
Q

Cross sectional study adv and dis

A

Adv- cheaper, no waiting, no attrition
Dis- confounds age changes and age differences
Confounds age and cohort effects

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18
Q

Life course fallacy

A

Fault in assuming that cross sectional age differences refer to the process of aging

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19
Q

The systems approach

A

System levels are hierarchical interactive and interdependent

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20
Q

Three perspectives in longevity

A

Systems level
Bio psychosocial framework
Life course perspective

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21
Q

Three levels of prevention

A
  1. primary prevention through vaccinations,diet, exercise
  2. Catching diseased early in order to impact strongly and aggressively
  3. manage the disease to soften impact of ongoing illness
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22
Q

Where is the primary focus of public health

A

At the community level not the individual level

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23
Q

Decrease in muscle mass =

A

Sarcopenia

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24
Q

Function of catabolic and anabolic hormones

A

Anabolic- promote tissue growth
Catabolic-break down tissue and bone for fuel
As we age we have more catabolic hormones

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25
Q

Visceral adiposity

A

Abdominal and waist fat that is deep under the subcutaneous level(right under the skin) and can cause greater risk for cardiovascular problems

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26
Q

Predominant level of analysis (3)

A

micro-focus on individual level
Mezzo-individual and society
macro-societal level factors

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27
Q

AGEs

A

Advanced glycation end product

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28
Q

What does crosslinking mean?

A

This means when excess glucose is present it causes proteins to aggravate and cross link and makes them stuffer

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29
Q

Where does telomerase operate

A

Stem cells, germ cells, immune cells

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30
Q

Demographic transition

A

Changes in a population’s age structure from youth to middle aged to old

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31
Q

What are the 3 population changers

A

Migration (Im and em)
Fertility
Mortality

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32
Q

What if the definition of fertility

A

Avg number of children born to a woman over her lifetime

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33
Q

Fertility rates?

A

live births in a year/#women 15-44 in the same year

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34
Q

What is a replacement rate

A

children per women needed to sustain the current population

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35
Q

Mortality rate

A

deaths in a year/population of the same year

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36
Q

What are the stages of the demographic transition?

A
  1. high fertility, high mortality (triangle)
  2. high fertility, decreasing mortality (trapezoid)
  3. low fertility, low mortality (rectangle)
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37
Q

What is an epidemiologic transition

A

Changes in a populations age structure due to disease patterns mortality and other factors

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38
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health related states in specific populations and application of this study to control health issues

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39
Q

Echo boom

A

Smaller but baby boomer like influx of indoviduals between 1974-1995

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40
Q

What is the shift in mortalities from 1900 to 2000?

A

1900-pneumonia,TB and diarrheal diseases

2000-heart disease, cancer, stroke

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41
Q

List the 3 stages of the epidemiologic transition.

A

Stage 1-malnutrition and or infectious disease
Stage 2-decline in malnutrition and infectious disease; increase in chronic disease
Stage 3-predominantly chronic disease

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42
Q

What is socioeconomic status?

A

Combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of social position in relation to others
Based on income education and occupation

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43
Q

Diversity in the systems level

A

Individual-each of us is unique (intragroup heterogeneity)
Relationship -each of us shares traits with others (inter group diversity)
Society - each of us is like everyone else (humanity)

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44
Q

Convergence theory

A

A theory of aging that states that old age is a leveler reducing inequality that was evident at earlier sages in life course

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45
Q

Multiple hierarchy stratification

A

Race class gender and age are all sources of inequality

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46
Q

Theory of cumulative disadvantage

A

Those that begin life with more resources continue to have more resources to have opportunities to accumulate even more while those with fewer resources fall behind

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47
Q

Where can resilience come from

A

Personal (spirituality confidence), cultural beliefs (tradition values) social (friends family)

48
Q

Mortality crossover effect

A

If you survived through multiple forms of adversity in your life that you extend your life expectancy

49
Q

Role theory

A

Shifting of roles as we move through age norms - assumptions or age related capacities
Age normative expectations - ages that things should be done or not done
Socialization-the way society conveys age norms
Role discontinuity skills learned in one field become contradictory to another role

50
Q

Activity theory

A

Well adjusted individuals take on productive roles throughout the life course replacing old roles

51
Q

Disengagement theory

A

Older adults withdraw from society and transfer power to younger generations

52
Q

Gerotranscendence theory

A

Older individuals become more spirituals rather than materialists

53
Q

Age stratification theory

A

Life course and soiciohistorical experiences cause differences in thinking between cohorts that can lead to conflict

54
Q

Social exchange theory

A

Older adults contribute wisdom and experience in lieu of economic production in society

55
Q

Political economy of aging

A

Social class plays a big detentions at of the aging process and that problems on the societal level are the reason for inequity among older groups

56
Q

Feminist theory

A

Gender should be a primary consideration when attempting to understand the aging process.

57
Q

Wear and tear hypothesis

A

Organisms wear out from metabolizing cell reproduction etc

Cells that become damages can’t be repaired especially in tissue cells that do not undergo cell division

58
Q

Antagonistic plietropty

A

What is good for reproductive fitness may not be good in older age
Eg: anti cancer genes that become cellularly senescent are good in early stages of life for warding off cancer but limit ability for cell division and life span late in the future

59
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive molecules that damage important cellular structures including DNA
Genotoxicity can lead to cancer causing mutations or decrease in cell function

60
Q

Cross linking

A

Free radicals bonding with proteins which reduces collagen flexibility and makes AGEs

61
Q

Support ratio

A

Indoviduals able to economically support retired indoviduals of society
Issues with this theory are that
-dependents to working ratio but something’s wrong with this ratio is that the age limits of being dependent are not always accurate

62
Q

Pensioners democracy

A

Where the old “plunder(take too much) from the young

63
Q

What states typically have the oldest Americans

A

Florida, West Virginia,

64
Q

Senescent fibroblast

A

Secrete collagenase which destroy the collagen they used to produce which creates a favorable environment for tumor growth
Collagen is used to maintain the strictest of the tissue and plays an important role in wound healing

65
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Oxidized fatty substance that causes liver spots

66
Q

Heterogeneity

A

Even in a cohort of people born in similar times there exists significant differences

67
Q

Health disparities

A

Racial and class inequalities in health mortality and life course conditions

68
Q

Ethnogerontology

A

Study of causes processes and consequences of race national origin on individual and societal aging

69
Q

Modernization theory

A

Modernization of society has caused older people to lose social and political power causing increased comp between older and younger gens

70
Q

Scientific Tech

A

More jobs for young but more displacement of elders

71
Q

Early vs late stages of modernization

A

Early stages- occupational and educational status of older adults declines
Later stages-differences between gens decrease and older person status rises J shape

72
Q

Person-environment congruence model

A

Behavior is influenced and adjusted by interactions in the environment around us based on our abilities in varying areas

73
Q

Freud theories

A

Psychosexual stage is development and as adolescence as a reflection of unconscious motives of childhood

74
Q

Jungs Psychoanalytic Perspective

A
  • move from extra version in youth to intraversion in adulthood
  • as you get older people start to express the traits of the opposite sex
    • anima:feminine side of mans personality
    • animus:masculine side of female personality
75
Q

Eriksons psychological model

A

8 stages with the unconscious goal of who identity
3 stages in adolescence
Epigenetic principle- people proceed through the stages as they become for cog and emotionally capable with association with a greater social radius
Last stage=ego integrity vs despair -either content with life and accepting of death or not accepting of death because of lack of satisfaction in life
-achieving ego integrity allows the individual to feel generativity or the desire to share wisdom with youth

76
Q

Loveingers perspective

A

Most people don’t move past stage 2 of conscientious conformist and the the last stage is integrated which is similar to eriksons last stage

77
Q

Levinsons seasons of life

A

Very concrete and logical

Pre adulthood, early adulthood,middle adulthood,late adulthood

78
Q

The shift in social aging theories

A

Shift from objective quantitative methods to subjective interpretation of aging based or individuals interactions with structural factors

79
Q

Symbolic interaction ism

A

Interactions between individuals and their environment affect people’s experience of the aging process themselves

80
Q

Political economy of aging

A

Structural factors enforced by public policy limit oops and choices later in life

81
Q

Critical theory

A

Focuses on changes that can be made to improve adverse conditions caused by structural inequities

82
Q

Disposable soma theory

A

Because the individuals genes have been passed on, the body can be disposed of and age

83
Q

Accidental cell death

A

Cell dies due to lack of nutrients and broken down through the process of necrosis and can release contents that trigger inflammatory responses that damage tissue

84
Q

Apoptosis

A

Genetically programmed cell suicide where the nuclear breaks down and is normal and essential to various organ systems
Also protects from cancer

85
Q

Cellular senescence hypothesis

A

When somatic cells can’t undergo replication they are under replicators senescence
When the telomeres become too short and the cell is affected by radiation chemicals or oxidative stress p53 protein is activated to do with temp suspension of cell division, apopstosis, or senescence

86
Q

Wear and tear hypotheis

A

Accumulation of Lipofuscin which is dead red blood cells that leave pigment yellow
AGEs-cross linked proteins advanced glycation end products
—-Can cause more cross linking and free radicals

87
Q

Oxidative stress free radical hypotheis

A

Aging is a consequence of accumulated cellular damage caused by internal free radicals
Stemmed from the rate of living hypothesis which is no longer accepted put said that the lifespan of an organism is related to metabolic rates
– suggested that animals with slower metabolism live longer

88
Q

Free radicals

A

Contributors to forming of crosslinked proteins that make cell membrane more rigid which makes it harder to transport nutrients and waster across the permeable cell membrane
Usually counteracted by antioxidants

89
Q

Arthritis

A

Second most chronic condition after cancer
Contains varying degenerative conditions of inflammation
Rheumatoid - inflammation of membranes lining joints and tendons
Osteoarthritis - degeneration of joints most commonly subjected to stress hands knees hips shoulders

90
Q

Active vs dependent life expectancy

A

Endpoint of an active life is the need to depend on others for daily activities

91
Q

What is the % expected growth of 60+ pop by 2050

A

50%

92
Q

Bicultural ism

A

Asians who live in American society become more accustomed to nuclear single families

93
Q

Three classes of elders

A
  1. No longer economically productive but still mentally capable to attend to daily needs
  2. Those who are functionally dependent and can be seen as a burden
  3. Those who are still active participants in the economy and social environment through self employment farming or
94
Q

Highest rates of independent living in?

A

Immigrants of Cuba Japan and white

95
Q

4 criterion for biological basis of aging

A
  1. apply to everyone(UNIVERSAL)
  2. Must result in physiological decline
  3. Must be progressive
  4. Losses must be uncorrectable by organism
96
Q

Caloric restriction

A

Reducing calories by about 25% showed less cardiovascular issued

97
Q

Pro longevity v antiaging

A

Pro longevity- extending the length of a healthy lifespan

98
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Decrease in muscle mass and increase in fat

99
Q

Musculoskeletal changes

A

1/16 inch decrease in height every year
Kyphosis -bunching of shoulders
Decreased somesthetic sense of touch

100
Q

Respiratory systems

A

Decrease of 50% of max amount of oxygen taken in between 25-70

101
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Decreased elasticity of arteries

Increased blood pressure

102
Q

Urinary system

A

Dehydration and hynonatremia(salt in blood)made

Decreased capacity of bladder

103
Q

What percent of 65+ pop is of color

A

19% of color

104
Q

Second perspective

A

SES affects opps more than race

105
Q

Third perspective

A

Age is a leveler of difference in life expectancy

106
Q

Mortality cross over effect

A

People of color had higher death eater at every level except until old age

107
Q

Women’s health initiative

A

First randomized controlled study of women that studied fat intake and hormone replacement as strategy for breast cancer and heart disease
-has already had effects in the behavior of women

108
Q

Voting?

A

Voting differences are greater within than between age groups

109
Q

Proponents of argument for older adults holding power

A

AARP Cast as a rep of older adults

  1. Access to legislators
  2. Seems legit so able to gain public platforms
  3. Mass membership so can organize larger campaigns
110
Q

Politics of entitlement

A

Failure model of old age- elders seen as dependent and needy
Other groups pay for the benefits of elders

111
Q

Politics of productivity

A

Expanding economy in which older adults can contribute

Older people can help younger people in interdependent society

112
Q

Inter generational inequity framework

A

Measure the relative hardships of one generation in comparison to another gernerstion
Ex: having to pay for SS benefits for elders causes younger women to not be able to support their children

113
Q

Interdependence of generations framework

A

Sharing of burdens and solidarity across generations

114
Q

Generational justice perspective

A

Different treatment of different ages is okay because we will all eventually reap the benefits

115
Q

Generational investments

A

Publics and private resources flow from older to younger generations

116
Q

New aging paradigms

A

How all generations can benefit from Colombo good

GE CLUSTER AGING (1 decks)

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