Definitions Flashcards
Life expectancy
The average number of years people in a given populations can expect to live
Life span
The longest number of years any member of a species has been known to survive
What is the avg life expectancy for males and females?
80 females
75 males
What percent of the U.S. is 65+ now and what will that percent be in 2030?
Now-12%
2030-24%
Chronological age
Based on years (number)
Psychological age
Based on cog abilities (memory, personality, intelligence
Biological/functional age
Based on physical abilities
Social age
Based on social role (student)
Subjective age
You’re as young as you feel
Environmental press
Demands of the environment on an individual
Bio perspective
Increasing vulnerability, heredity/environment interactions, evolution of lifespan
Psychological perspective
Development stages, personal life events, coping and adaptation
Social perspective
Role changes, economics, family and support networks, policy implications
What are premature aging conditions
Progeria
Werners syndrome
Hutchinson gilford
Down syndrome
What are the three main groups of aging in the life course perspective
Biography
Sociocultural
Sociobiological
Age differences vs age changes
Age diff are ways that one gen differs from another
Age changes are ways people change over time
Cross sectional study adv and dis
Adv- cheaper, no waiting, no attrition
Dis- confounds age changes and age differences
Confounds age and cohort effects
Life course fallacy
Fault in assuming that cross sectional age differences refer to the process of aging
The systems approach
System levels are hierarchical interactive and interdependent
Three perspectives in longevity
Systems level
Bio psychosocial framework
Life course perspective
Three levels of prevention
- primary prevention through vaccinations,diet, exercise
- Catching diseased early in order to impact strongly and aggressively
- manage the disease to soften impact of ongoing illness
Where is the primary focus of public health
At the community level not the individual level
Decrease in muscle mass =
Sarcopenia
Function of catabolic and anabolic hormones
Anabolic- promote tissue growth
Catabolic-break down tissue and bone for fuel
As we age we have more catabolic hormones
Visceral adiposity
Abdominal and waist fat that is deep under the subcutaneous level(right under the skin) and can cause greater risk for cardiovascular problems
Predominant level of analysis (3)
micro-focus on individual level
Mezzo-individual and society
macro-societal level factors
AGEs
Advanced glycation end product
What does crosslinking mean?
This means when excess glucose is present it causes proteins to aggravate and cross link and makes them stuffer
Where does telomerase operate
Stem cells, germ cells, immune cells
Demographic transition
Changes in a population’s age structure from youth to middle aged to old
What are the 3 population changers
Migration (Im and em)
Fertility
Mortality
What if the definition of fertility
Avg number of children born to a woman over her lifetime
Fertility rates?
live births in a year/#women 15-44 in the same year
What is a replacement rate
children per women needed to sustain the current population
Mortality rate
deaths in a year/population of the same year
What are the stages of the demographic transition?
- high fertility, high mortality (triangle)
- high fertility, decreasing mortality (trapezoid)
- low fertility, low mortality (rectangle)
What is an epidemiologic transition
Changes in a populations age structure due to disease patterns mortality and other factors
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution and determinants of health related states in specific populations and application of this study to control health issues
Echo boom
Smaller but baby boomer like influx of indoviduals between 1974-1995
What is the shift in mortalities from 1900 to 2000?
1900-pneumonia,TB and diarrheal diseases
2000-heart disease, cancer, stroke
List the 3 stages of the epidemiologic transition.
Stage 1-malnutrition and or infectious disease
Stage 2-decline in malnutrition and infectious disease; increase in chronic disease
Stage 3-predominantly chronic disease
What is socioeconomic status?
Combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of social position in relation to others
Based on income education and occupation
Diversity in the systems level
Individual-each of us is unique (intragroup heterogeneity)
Relationship -each of us shares traits with others (inter group diversity)
Society - each of us is like everyone else (humanity)
Convergence theory
A theory of aging that states that old age is a leveler reducing inequality that was evident at earlier sages in life course
Multiple hierarchy stratification
Race class gender and age are all sources of inequality
Theory of cumulative disadvantage
Those that begin life with more resources continue to have more resources to have opportunities to accumulate even more while those with fewer resources fall behind
Where can resilience come from
Personal (spirituality confidence), cultural beliefs (tradition values) social (friends family)
Mortality crossover effect
If you survived through multiple forms of adversity in your life that you extend your life expectancy
Role theory
Shifting of roles as we move through age norms - assumptions or age related capacities
Age normative expectations - ages that things should be done or not done
Socialization-the way society conveys age norms
Role discontinuity skills learned in one field become contradictory to another role
Activity theory
Well adjusted individuals take on productive roles throughout the life course replacing old roles
Disengagement theory
Older adults withdraw from society and transfer power to younger generations
Gerotranscendence theory
Older individuals become more spirituals rather than materialists
Age stratification theory
Life course and soiciohistorical experiences cause differences in thinking between cohorts that can lead to conflict
Social exchange theory
Older adults contribute wisdom and experience in lieu of economic production in society
Political economy of aging
Social class plays a big detentions at of the aging process and that problems on the societal level are the reason for inequity among older groups
Feminist theory
Gender should be a primary consideration when attempting to understand the aging process.
Wear and tear hypothesis
Organisms wear out from metabolizing cell reproduction etc
Cells that become damages can’t be repaired especially in tissue cells that do not undergo cell division
Antagonistic plietropty
What is good for reproductive fitness may not be good in older age
Eg: anti cancer genes that become cellularly senescent are good in early stages of life for warding off cancer but limit ability for cell division and life span late in the future
Free radicals
Highly reactive molecules that damage important cellular structures including DNA
Genotoxicity can lead to cancer causing mutations or decrease in cell function
Cross linking
Free radicals bonding with proteins which reduces collagen flexibility and makes AGEs
Support ratio
Indoviduals able to economically support retired indoviduals of society
Issues with this theory are that
-dependents to working ratio but something’s wrong with this ratio is that the age limits of being dependent are not always accurate
Pensioners democracy
Where the old “plunder(take too much) from the young
What states typically have the oldest Americans
Florida, West Virginia,
Senescent fibroblast
Secrete collagenase which destroy the collagen they used to produce which creates a favorable environment for tumor growth
Collagen is used to maintain the strictest of the tissue and plays an important role in wound healing
Lipofuscin
Oxidized fatty substance that causes liver spots
Heterogeneity
Even in a cohort of people born in similar times there exists significant differences
Health disparities
Racial and class inequalities in health mortality and life course conditions
Ethnogerontology
Study of causes processes and consequences of race national origin on individual and societal aging
Modernization theory
Modernization of society has caused older people to lose social and political power causing increased comp between older and younger gens
Scientific Tech
More jobs for young but more displacement of elders
Early vs late stages of modernization
Early stages- occupational and educational status of older adults declines
Later stages-differences between gens decrease and older person status rises J shape
Person-environment congruence model
Behavior is influenced and adjusted by interactions in the environment around us based on our abilities in varying areas
Freud theories
Psychosexual stage is development and as adolescence as a reflection of unconscious motives of childhood
Jungs Psychoanalytic Perspective
- move from extra version in youth to intraversion in adulthood
- as you get older people start to express the traits of the opposite sex
- anima:feminine side of mans personality
- animus:masculine side of female personality
Eriksons psychological model
8 stages with the unconscious goal of who identity
3 stages in adolescence
Epigenetic principle- people proceed through the stages as they become for cog and emotionally capable with association with a greater social radius
Last stage=ego integrity vs despair -either content with life and accepting of death or not accepting of death because of lack of satisfaction in life
-achieving ego integrity allows the individual to feel generativity or the desire to share wisdom with youth
Loveingers perspective
Most people don’t move past stage 2 of conscientious conformist and the the last stage is integrated which is similar to eriksons last stage
Levinsons seasons of life
Very concrete and logical
Pre adulthood, early adulthood,middle adulthood,late adulthood
The shift in social aging theories
Shift from objective quantitative methods to subjective interpretation of aging based or individuals interactions with structural factors
Symbolic interaction ism
Interactions between individuals and their environment affect people’s experience of the aging process themselves
Political economy of aging
Structural factors enforced by public policy limit oops and choices later in life
Critical theory
Focuses on changes that can be made to improve adverse conditions caused by structural inequities
Disposable soma theory
Because the individuals genes have been passed on, the body can be disposed of and age
Accidental cell death
Cell dies due to lack of nutrients and broken down through the process of necrosis and can release contents that trigger inflammatory responses that damage tissue
Apoptosis
Genetically programmed cell suicide where the nuclear breaks down and is normal and essential to various organ systems
Also protects from cancer
Cellular senescence hypothesis
When somatic cells can’t undergo replication they are under replicators senescence
When the telomeres become too short and the cell is affected by radiation chemicals or oxidative stress p53 protein is activated to do with temp suspension of cell division, apopstosis, or senescence
Wear and tear hypotheis
Accumulation of Lipofuscin which is dead red blood cells that leave pigment yellow
AGEs-cross linked proteins advanced glycation end products
—-Can cause more cross linking and free radicals
Oxidative stress free radical hypotheis
Aging is a consequence of accumulated cellular damage caused by internal free radicals
Stemmed from the rate of living hypothesis which is no longer accepted put said that the lifespan of an organism is related to metabolic rates
– suggested that animals with slower metabolism live longer
Free radicals
Contributors to forming of crosslinked proteins that make cell membrane more rigid which makes it harder to transport nutrients and waster across the permeable cell membrane
Usually counteracted by antioxidants
Arthritis
Second most chronic condition after cancer
Contains varying degenerative conditions of inflammation
Rheumatoid - inflammation of membranes lining joints and tendons
Osteoarthritis - degeneration of joints most commonly subjected to stress hands knees hips shoulders
Active vs dependent life expectancy
Endpoint of an active life is the need to depend on others for daily activities
What is the % expected growth of 60+ pop by 2050
50%
Bicultural ism
Asians who live in American society become more accustomed to nuclear single families
Three classes of elders
- No longer economically productive but still mentally capable to attend to daily needs
- Those who are functionally dependent and can be seen as a burden
- Those who are still active participants in the economy and social environment through self employment farming or
Highest rates of independent living in?
Immigrants of Cuba Japan and white
4 criterion for biological basis of aging
- apply to everyone(UNIVERSAL)
- Must result in physiological decline
- Must be progressive
- Losses must be uncorrectable by organism
Caloric restriction
Reducing calories by about 25% showed less cardiovascular issued
Pro longevity v antiaging
Pro longevity- extending the length of a healthy lifespan
Sarcopenia
Decrease in muscle mass and increase in fat
Musculoskeletal changes
1/16 inch decrease in height every year
Kyphosis -bunching of shoulders
Decreased somesthetic sense of touch
Respiratory systems
Decrease of 50% of max amount of oxygen taken in between 25-70
Cardiovascular
Decreased elasticity of arteries
Increased blood pressure
Urinary system
Dehydration and hynonatremia(salt in blood)made
Decreased capacity of bladder
What percent of 65+ pop is of color
19% of color
Second perspective
SES affects opps more than race
Third perspective
Age is a leveler of difference in life expectancy
Mortality cross over effect
People of color had higher death eater at every level except until old age
Women’s health initiative
First randomized controlled study of women that studied fat intake and hormone replacement as strategy for breast cancer and heart disease
-has already had effects in the behavior of women
Voting?
Voting differences are greater within than between age groups
Proponents of argument for older adults holding power
AARP Cast as a rep of older adults
- Access to legislators
- Seems legit so able to gain public platforms
- Mass membership so can organize larger campaigns
Politics of entitlement
Failure model of old age- elders seen as dependent and needy
Other groups pay for the benefits of elders
Politics of productivity
Expanding economy in which older adults can contribute
Older people can help younger people in interdependent society
Inter generational inequity framework
Measure the relative hardships of one generation in comparison to another gernerstion
Ex: having to pay for SS benefits for elders causes younger women to not be able to support their children
Interdependence of generations framework
Sharing of burdens and solidarity across generations
Generational justice perspective
Different treatment of different ages is okay because we will all eventually reap the benefits
Generational investments
Publics and private resources flow from older to younger generations
New aging paradigms
How all generations can benefit from Colombo good
