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Cytology, Basic Genetics, Histology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organelle

A

A specialised part of a cell having some specific function

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

The study, classification and science of the physical structure of organisms and the inter relationship of their parts

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3
Q

Physiology

A
  1. The branch of biology that deals with the internal workings of living things, including such functions as metabolism, respiration and reproduction rather than shape/structure
  2. The way a particular body, organism or organ functions
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4
Q

Pathology

A

The scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development and consequences.

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

Homeo - sameness
Stasis - standing still

Condition of equilibrium (balance) in the human body’s internal environment maintained by the body’s own regulatory processes

Dynamic and changing but within narrow limits

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6
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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7
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical processes in the body

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8
Q

Cells

A

Smallest living unit in the body

The basic structural and functional unit of an organism

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9
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a function

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10
Q

Organs

A

Groups of tissues working together with a specific function

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11
Q

Systems

A

Related organs that have a common function form a system

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12
Q

Vital Force

A

Life energy throughout the body creating life

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13
Q

The organism

A

All parts of the body functioning together make the living organism

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

From Greek endo (from within) and krnein (to separate)

Relating to endocrine (hormone secreting) glands or the hormones secreted by them

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15
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Part of the circulatory system and part of the immune system

Comprises of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph directionally towards the heart.

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16
Q

Integumentary system

A

Organ system that protects the body from damage such as loss of water or abrasion from the outside
Comprises the skin and its appendages (hair/nails etc)

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17
Q

Eukaryotes

A

A single-felled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus

18
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Any of the group of organisms primarily characterised by the lack of true nucleus and other membrane bound cell compartments eg mitochondria and chloroplasts
Possess a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA

19
Q

Ribosomes

A

The protein builders or the protein synthesisers of the cell
Connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains
Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

20
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Having an affinity for water

Readily absorbing or dissolving in water

21
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repelling, tending not to combine with or incapable of dissolving in water

22
Q

Chromosome

A

A thread like linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions the transmission of hereditary information

23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Spherical or rod-shaped organelles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
The powerhouse of the cell, site of production of high-energy compounds (Eg ATP) which are vital energy source for several cellular processes

24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

An extensive intracellular membrane system whose functions include synthesis and transport of lipids and in regions where ribosomes are attached, of proteins.

25
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A network of stacked membranous vesicles present in most living cells that functions in the formation of secretions within the cell

26
Q

Vesicles

A

A bubble-like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products and digests metabolic wastes within the cell
An intracellular membranous sac that is separated from the cystosol by at least one lipid bilayer

27
Q

Vacuoles

A

A membrane-bound vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell whose function includes intracellular secretion, excretion, storage and digestion

28
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm of most cells containing various hydrolytic enzymes that function in intracellular digestion

29
Q

Microtubules

A

Fibrous, hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell.
Also function as routes along which organelles can move
Found typically in all eukaryotic cells
Component of the cytoskeleton as well as cilia and flagella

30
Q

Centrioles

A

Two cylindrical organelles responsible for creating the spindle which is essential for cell division

31
Q

Mitosis

A

The process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as the original cell

32
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division in which a nucleus divides into 4 daughter nuclei each contains half the chromosome number of the parent nucleus
Occurs in all sexually reproducing organisms in which haploid gametes or spores are produced

33
Q

Fibroblasts

A

A cell in connective tissue that synthesises collagen

34
Q

Adipocytes

A

A cell specialised for the storage of fat

35
Q

Leukocytes

A

Any of the various large unpigmented cells in the blood of vertebrates.
Also called white blood cells

36
Q

Macrophages

A

Any large phagocytic cell occurring in the blood, lymph and connective tissue

37
Q

Plasma Cells

A

A lymphocyte the originates from a B (immune) cell and produces antibodies as part of a humoral immune response

38
Q

Mast Cells

A

A cell found in connective tissue that contains numerous basophilic granules and releases substances such as heparin and histamine in response to injury or inflammation of bodily tissues

39
Q

Synovial

A

A clear, viscid lubricating fluid secreted by membranes in joint cavities, sheaths of tendons and bursae

40
Q

Cutaneous

A

Pertaining to the skin

41
Q

Mucous

A

The viscous, slippery substance that consists chiefly of mucin, water, cells and inorganic salts and that is secreted as a protective lubricant coating by the cells and glands of the mucous membranes

42
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Any of the smooth moist delicates membranes, such as the pleura (thorax) or peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity) that line the closed cavities of the body and secrete a watery exudate

Cytology, Basic Genetics, Histology (2 decks)

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