definitions Flashcards
absorption
the process which water and dissolved solids, liquids, and gases are taken in by the cell though the membrane
accessory organ
any organ that has a digestive function, but is not part of the food tube (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
acid
a chemical that releases hydrogen ion in solution with water
acid precipitation
interaction between atmospheric moisture and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that results in rainfall with low pH values
active immunity
immunity that develops when the body’s immune system is stimulated by a disease organism or vaccination
active site
specific area of an enzyme molecule that links to substrate molecule and catalyzes its metabolism
active transport
process which materials are absorbed or releases with cells against the concentration gradient (high to low) with expenditure of cell energy
adaptation
structural, biochemical, or behavioral characteristics of an organism that helps it to survive potentially harsh environmental conditions
addition
type of chromosome mutation in which a section of chromosome us transferred through homologous chromosome
adenine
nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA molecules
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) an organic compound that stores respiratory energy in the form of chemical bond energy for transport from one part of the cell to another
adrenal cortex
a portion of the adrenal gland that secrets steroid hormones which regulate various aspects of blood composition
adrenal gland
an endocrine gland that prides several hormones including adrenaline
asexual reproduction
type of reproduction which new organisms are formed from a single parent organism
asthma
a disorder of the human respiratory system in which the respiratory tube becomes restricted with swelling brought on by some irritant
atrium
one of the two thin walled upper chambers of the heart that recieves blood
autonomic nervous system
subdivision of the peripheral nervous system consisting of nerves associated with autonomy functions
autosome
one of several chromosome present in the cell that carry genes controlling body traits not associated with primary and secondary characteristics
autotroph
an organism capable of carrying on autotrophic nutrition, self feeder
autotrophic nutrition
type of nutrition in which organisms manufacture heir own organic foods from inorganic raw materials
auxin
a biochemical substance, plant hormone, produced by plants that regulated growth patterns
axon
portion of neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body of the neuron
base
chemical that releases hydroxyl in solution with water
bicarbonate ion
chemical formed in the blood plasma when carbon dioxide is absorbed by body tissue
bile
secretion of the liver that is stored u. The gallbladder that emulsifies fats
binary fission
type of cell division in which mitosis is followed by equal cytoplasmic division
binomial nomenclature
system of naming, used in biological classification that consists of the genus and species name (Homo sapiens)
biocide use
the use of pesticides that eliminate one undesirable organism, but that have unanticipated effects on beneficial species as well
biological control
the use of natural enemies of various agricultural pests for pest control, thereby eliminating the need for biocide use- s positive aspect of human involvement with the environment
biomass
total mass of living material present at various trophic levels in a food chain
biome
geographical grouping of similar ecosystems, usually named for the climax flora in the region
biosphere
portion of the earth in which living things exist, including all land and water environments
bitoic factor
any of several conditions associated with life and living things that effect the survival of living things in the environment
birth
in placenta, mamma,s, a stage of embryonic development in which the baby passes through the vaginal canal to the outside the mothers body
blastula
a stage of embryonic development in which the embryo resembles a hollow ball of undifferentiated cells
blood
complex fluid tissue that functions to transport nutrients and respiratory gases to all parts of the body
blood typing
application of the study of immunity in which the blood of a person is characterized by its antigen composition
bone
tissue that prices mechanical support and protection of bodily organs and levers for the body’s locomotive activities
Bowman’s capsule
cup shaped proton of the nephron responsible for the filtration of soluble blood components
brain
organic the central nervous system that is responsible for regulating conscious and unconscious activity in the body
breathing
mechanical process by which sit is forced in the lungs by means of muscular contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles
bronchioles
one of the serval subdivisions of the bronchi that penetrate the lung interior and terminate in alveoli
bronchitis
a disorder of the human respiratory system in which the bronchi becomes inflamed
bronchus
one of the two major subdivisions of the breathing tube; the bronchi ate ringed with cartilage and conduct air from the trachea to the lung interior
Bryophyta
phylum of the plant kingdom that consists of organisms that lack vascular tissue
budding
a type of asexual reproduction in which mitosis is followed by unequal cytoplasmic division
bulb
type of vegetative propagation on which a plant bulb produces new bulbs that may be established as independent organisms with identical characteristics
cambium
lateral meristem tissue in woody plants responsible for annual growth in stem diameter
cancer
any of a number of conditions characterized by rapid, abnormal, and uncontrolled division of affected cells
capillary
very small thin walled blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein and through which all absorption into the blood fluid occurs
carbohydrate
organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbon 14
radioactive isotope of carbon used to trace the movement of carbon in. Arduous biochemical reactions and also used in the carbon dating of fossils
abiotic factor
Any of several non living, physical conditions that effect the survival of an organism in its environment
carbon fixation reactions
set of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis in which hydrogen atoms are combined with carbon and oxygen atoms form PGAL and glucose
carbon-hydrogen-oxygen cycle
process by which these three elements are made available for use by other organisms through chemical reactions of respiration and photosynthesis
carboxyl group
chemical group having the formula- COOH and found as part of all amino acids and fatty acid molecule
cardiac muscles
muscle tissue in the heart and arteries that is associated with rhythmic nature of the pulse and heartbeat
cardiovascular disease
any disarms of the circulatory organs
carnivore
heterotrophic organism that consumes animal tissue as its primary source of nutrition
carrier
an individual who, though not expressing a particular recessive trait, carries this gene as part of his or her heterozygous genotype
carrier protein
specialized molecule embedded in the cell membrane that aids the movement of materials across the membrane
cartilage
flexible connective tissue found in many flexible parts of the body, common in embryonic stages of development
catalyst
any substance that speeds up or slows down the rate of chemical reaction
cell plate
structure that forms during cytoplasmic division in plant cells and serves to desperate the cytoplasm into two roughly equal parts
cell theory
a scientific theory that states, “all cells arise from previously existing cells” and “cells are the unit of structure and function of living things”
cell wall
cell organelle that surrounds and gives structural in plant cells; composed of cellulose
central nervous system
portion of vertebrae nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
centriole
cell organelle found in animal cells that functions in the process of cell division
centromere
area of attachment of two chromosomes chromatids in double stranded chromosome
cerebellum
portion of the human brain responsible for e coordination of muscular activity
cerebral hemorrhage
disorder of the human regulatory system in which a broken blood vessel in brain may result in severe dysfunction or death
cerebral palsy
disorder of the human regulatory system in Whig the motor and speech centers of the brain are impaired
cerebrum
portion of the human regulatory system responsible for thought, reasoning, dense interpretation, learning, and other conscious activities
