Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

The basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Multicellular organisms, similar cells, combine to form a tissue.

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3
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues combine to form organs for a specific function

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4
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs working together as a whole for a specific function

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5
Q

Organism

A

A complete living thing

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6
Q

Population

A

Organisms of the same species in a particular area

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7
Q

Community

A

Interacting populations in a particular area

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8
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community plus the physical environment

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9
Q

Biosphere

A

Regions of the earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things. The entire world!

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10
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess

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11
Q

Theory

A

Concepts that join together well-supported and related hypotheses

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12
Q

Proton

A

Positive particle:: In the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charge particle:: In the nucleus of an atom

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14
Q

Neutron

A

Uncharged particle :: move in orbitals AROUND the nucleus in an electron shell.

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15
Q

Molecule

A

Electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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16
Q

Compound

A

Pure chemical substance consisting of two or more chemical substances that can be combined into smaller substances to create chemical bonds

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17
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom

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18
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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19
Q

Acid

A

releasing hydrogen (H+) ions

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20
Q

Bases

A

take up hydrogen ions

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21
Q

Polymer

A

Largest of the biomolecules

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22
Q

Monomers

A

Subunits of polymer
Examples: amino acids (monomers) are linked to form a protein (polymer);
Example: many nucleotides (monomers) are linked to form a nucleic acid (polymer).

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23
Q

Peptide bond

A

synthesized when the carboxyl group of one amino acid molecule reacts with the amino group of the other amino acid molecule, causing the release of a molecule of water (H2O), hence the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers composed of proteins contained within a cell’s cytoplasm.
Ex: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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25
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Swelling of a plant cell in hypotonic solution

Helps plant maintain erect position.

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26
Q

Crenation

A

Red blood cells that have shrunk

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27
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Shrinking of the cytoplasm due to osmosis

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28
Q

Active site

A

a small port in an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

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29
Q

Induced fit model

A

only the proper substrate is capable of inducing the proper alignment of the active site that will enable the enzyme to perform its catalytic function

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30
Q

Thylakoid

A

is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria

31
Q

Stroma

A

Supportive framework of an organ

32
Q

Photosystem

A

Pigment complex (Chl A, Chl B & Carotenoids) and electron acceptor molecules within the thylakoid membrane

33
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It absorbs most energy from wavelengths of violet-blue and orange-red light.

34
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

accessory pigment and acts indirectly in photosynthesis by transferring the light it absorbs to chlorophyll a.

35
Q

Photolysis

A

chemical process by which molecules are broken down into smaller units through the absorption of light

36
Q

Deamination

A

removal of an amine group from a molecule.

AMMONIA produced by deamination of AMINO acids.

37
Q

Nucleotide

A

Structural components or building blocks of DNA

Nitrogenous base-pairing

38
Q

Helicase

A

an enzyme that unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA double helix.

39
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.

40
Q

Ribosome

A

Site in a molecule that synthesizes protein

41
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

42
Q

Anticodon

A

a unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA.

43
Q

Promotor

A

A promoter is a region of DNA which defines the start of the gene, the direction of transcription, and the strand to be transcribed.

44
Q

Start codon

A

site at which translation into protein sequence starts

45
Q

Stop codon

A

site at which translation into protein sequence stops

46
Q

G1

A

first growth period of the cell cycle

47
Q

S

A

DNA synthesizes

48
Q

Haploid

A

number of chromosomes in a gamete

49
Q

Diploid

A

two complete sets of chromosomes. ALL SOMATIC CELLS

50
Q

Inversion

A

occur when a chromosome breaks in two places and the resulting piece of DNA is reversed and re-inserted into the chromosome

51
Q

Deletion

A

loss or absence of a section from a nucleic acid molecule or chromosome

52
Q

Duplication

A

a DNA segment in a chromosome that is a copy of another segment

53
Q

Translocation

A

chromosome alteration in which a whole chromosome or segment of a chromosome becomes attached to or interchanged with another whole chromosome

54
Q

Gamete

A

Sperm or Egg

55
Q

Zygote

A

initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined by means of sexual reproduction. FETUS

56
Q

Plasmids

A

a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. BACTERIA

57
Q

Vector

A

an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another

58
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
Used in DNA sequencing

59
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele

60
Q

Codominance

A

a relationship between two versions of a gene

61
Q

Pleiotropy

A

occurs when one gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits, an example being phenylketonuria

62
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

a type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern that involves more than just the typical two alleles that usually code for a certain characteristic

63
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes

64
Q

Dominate allele

A

produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele

65
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not expressed in a heterozygote

66
Q

Homozygous

A

having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics

67
Q

Heterozygous

A

having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic

68
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific characteristic under consideration

69
Q

Phenotype

A

composite of an organism’s observable characteristics or traits

70
Q

Epistasis

A

phenomenon that consists of the effect of one gene being dependent on the presence of one or more ‘modifier genes’

71
Q

Homologous structure

A

an example of an organ or bone that appears in different animals

72
Q

Analogous Structure

A

similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have different origins

73
Q

Vestigial structure

A

organs that performed some important function in the organism at one point in the past.
Human Example: Appendix

74
Q

Brian Irby

A

The most amazing boyfriend in the whole wide world, and the object of my every thought and desire.