Definitions Flashcards
Theory
A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypoyhesis.
Personality
A grouping of traits and characteristics that gives a person consistency.
Hypothesis
An educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of scientific method.
Unconscious (Freud)
Repressed memories
Preconscious (Freud)
Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious quite readily or with some difficulty.
Conscious (Freud)
Those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.
Phylogenetic Endowment
These are inherited tendencies passed down from ancestral past.
ID (Freud)
Not in contact with reality operates on the pleasure principle- sole function is to seek pleasure.
Ego (Freud)
In contact with reality. It is governed by the reality principle serves as the meditator and administrator over the id and superego. Exists in Id and superego.
Superego (Freud)
Not in contact with reality guided by the moralistic and idealistic principle - striving blindly to perfection.
Repression (Freud)
The forcing of unwanted, anxiety-laden experiences into the unconscious as a defense against the pain of that anxiety.
Reaction Formation
A defense mechanism in which a person represses one impulse and adopts the exact opposite form of behavior, which ordinarily is exaggerated and ostentatious ( to impress other or attract attention).
Displacement
A defense mechanism in which unwanted urges are redirected onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse.
Fixation
A defense mechanism that arises when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, thus making change or psychosocial growth difficult.
Regression
A person returns to an earlier stage in order to protect the ego against anxiety.
Projection
The ego reduces anxiety by attributing an unwanted impulse to another person.
Introjection
People incorporate positive qualities of another person into their ego.
Sublimation
This involves the repression of the genital aim of Eros and its substitution by a cultural or social aim.
Epigenetic Principles
Each stage of development builds on the foundation that was proceeding that stage.
Ego (Erikson)
A person’s ability to unify experiences and actions in an adaptive manner.
Conscious (Jung)
Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego, whereas unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego.
Personal Unconscious (Jung)
Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual.
Collective Unconscious (Jung)
Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species.
Archetypes
Are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious.
Persona
The side of personality that people show to the world is designated as the persona.
Shadow
The archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others.
Anima
Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side. The feminine side of men originate in the collective unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness.
Animus
The masculine archetype in women is called the animus.
Basic hostility
Repressed feelings of rage that originate during childhood when children fear that their parents will not satisfy their needs for safety and satisfaction.
Basic anxiety
Feelings of isolation and helplessness in a potentially hostile world.
Shaping
Step by step process of attaining a desired behavior by behavior by providing a reward at each step.
Extinction
No longer having a response to a conditioned stimulus
Factor analysis
A mathematical procedure for reducing a large number of variables to a few; used by Eysenck and others to identify personality trait and factors.
Self-efficacy
Peoples expectation that they are capable of performing those behaviors that will produce desired outcomes in any particular situation.
