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Biology Lab > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Colony

A

Contains millions or billions of cells

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1
Q

Medium

A

Solution or something solid that contains nutrients cells can use to grow and divide. It can be left as a liquid or can be mixed with a substance to solidify it

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2
Q

Pure culture

A

An isolated group of genetically identical cells

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3
Q

Lawn

A

A dense, even layer of bacteria on the plate

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4
Q

Light microscope

A

Light travels from the light source, shines on the specimen and its image is then magnified by the lenses

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5
Q

Light source

A

Small, powerful light bulb

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6
Q

Condenser lens

A

Found under the stage, focuses the light onto the specimen. The condenser focusing knobs move the condenser up and down to focus it

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7
Q

Stage

A

The horizontal surface where the slide is placed. The stage moves so you can quickly relocate an object on the slide if you record the position of the two rulers on the stage

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8
Q

Objective lenses

A

Gather light from the specimen, magnify the image and project the magnified image onto the body tube. Objective lenses of varying magnification are mounted on a rotating nosepiece. The low power lenses are shorter than the high power lenses

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9
Q

Course adjustment knob

A

Moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The gearing mechanism produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the course adjustment should only be used with power lenses and never with high power ones

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10
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

The smaller knob on the course adjustment knob. It brings the image into sharp focus under low power and is used for all focusing when using high power lenses

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11
Q

Body tube

A

A hollow tube containing a prism that allows light to pass from the objective lens to the ocular lens

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12
Q

Ocular lens

A

The ocular lens or eyepiece, magnifies the image. It contains a measuring scale called an ocular micrometer

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13
Q

Total magnification of the microscope

A

The product of the magnification of the objective lens and the ocular lens

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14
Q

Resolution

A

The capacity to distinguish two adjacent points as being distinct

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15
Q

Resolution value

A

As the minimum distance required between 2 points for them to remain identifiable as separate points when viewed

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16
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell -> cell will fill with water and cell, becoming turgid

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17
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution has high solute concentration than the cell -> leads to plasmolysis (water leaves the cell & plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall) Cell will die

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18
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute has the same concentration as the cell, there is no net movement of water which causes the cell to become flaccid because of reduced pressure on the cell wall

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19
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated guess that predicts the answer to your question

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20
Q

Scientific method:

A
  1. Formulate an idea or a question
  2. Formulate a hypothesis
  3. Test the hypothesis
  4. Draw a conclusion based on the data obtained
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21
Q

Experimental group

A

Tests the effect of the independent variable on the dependant variable

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22
Q

Control group

A

Examine the dependent variable in the absence of the independent variable

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

variable of interest that is manipulated by the experimenter

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24
Q

Dependent variable

A

Measured result of the manipulation

25
Q

Solved control group

A

Confirms that the effect on the dependent variable you are measuring is due only to the independent variable, and not the solvent it is dissolved in

26
Q

Constant

A

Factors which are kept constant

27
Q

Betacyanin

A

Beet cells’ characteristic red pigment

28
Q

Tonoplast

A

Membrane which surrounds the cell’s large central vacuole

29
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Surrounds the cell itself

30
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

A graph that shows the amount of light absorbed at a number of wavelengths

31
Q

Stock solution

A

concentrated solution of a solute in a known concentration

32
Q

Standard curve

A

A graph that shows the relationship between absorbance and concentration

33
Q

Blank

A

Contains all the components of the sample being measured except the molecule of interest

34
Q

Dilution formula

A

Volume of original solution/(volume of original solution + volume of solvent)

35
Q

Turbid

A

Cloudy, opaque or thick with suspended matter

36
Q

Microbiota

A

Group of organisms living in a given environmental niche

37
Q

Purposes of aseptic technique (or sterile technique)

A

Prevent bacteria in the environment from contaminating your work
To prevent bacteria in your work from contaminating you and your environment

38
Q

Microbiome

A

To collective genomes of an organism

39
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

Area of clearing around the disc where sensitive organisms are unable to grow

40
Q

Antibiotic

A

Substances that prevent or inhibit bacterial and/or fungal growth

41
Q

Constrast

A

The difference in intensity between an object and its surrounding medium

42
Q

Stains

A

Coloured compounds that react that react with particular components of cells and increase contrast

43
Q

Vital stains

A

Stains applied to live specimens, allow observation of the living functions of a cell, eventually kill the cell and do not stain very intensely

44
Q

Resolution equation

A

0.61 x wavelength / N.A.

45
Q

enzyme

A

Proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions

46
Q

Substrate

A

The molecule to be metabolized

47
Q

Active site

A

Uniquely shaped pocket of the enzyme

48
Q

End product

A

Substrate transiently binds with the enzyme as it is converted into an end product

49
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy required to initiate a change in the substrate (lowered by enzymes)

50
Q

Inhibitor

A

Substance that blocks the action of an enzyme. They are specific to the enzyme and can act by mimicking the substrate or by changing the enzyme’s shape.

51
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process that consumers oxygen and glucose and forms carbon dioxide and ATP. Produces a lot of ATP and is the main way the cell powers itself.

52
Q

Direct assay

A

Measures the production of an end product or the consumption of a substrate

53
Q

Bacterial genomic DNA

A

Double stranded DNA helix arranged in a circle that is anchored to the bacterial plasma membrane.

54
Q

Bacterial plasmid DNA

A

Floats freely in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell, but not all bacterial cells have plasmids. Almost all bacterial plasmid DNA IS circular.

55
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Arranged in linear strands called chromosomes that are located in the nucleus of the cell

56
Q

Avery et al. experiment

A

Tested various cellular macromolecules for their ability to transform R type (non-virulent) streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria into S type (virulent) bacteria. They made a cell lysate from heat-killed S type bacteria then systematically removed each macromolecule and tested the lysate for its ability to transform R type bacteria into S type. They found that DNA was the only macromolecule capable of transforming R type into S type.

57
Q

Selectable marker

A

Allows you to select for or against a particular phenotype

58
Q

Plate count method

A

An original cell suspension is diluted into suspensions of decreasing cell concentration and these dilutions are spread on the surface of a solid medium.

59
Q

Streaking

A

Deposits single bacterial cells from the liquid culture over the surface of the agar medium in the plate

60
Q

Total cell count

A

Living and dead cells are counted

Biology Lab (1 decks)

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