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Physiology and Anatomy 1 Lecture > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled to or exhaled from the lungs

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2
Q

Viscocity

A

Physical property of fluids that determines the ease with which the layers of a fluid move past each other

when a substance have lower viscosity, than easier for a substance with higher viscosity to move through are past.

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3
Q

Vesicle

A

small, spherical compartment in the cell surrounded by a membrane (e.g. synaptic vesicle)

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4
Q

venule

A

small vessel connecting the pillaries to veins

  • blood go through capillary-venule and veins (blood circulation)
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5
Q

ventilation

A

air exchange between the lungs and the ambient air

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6
Q

Vena Cava

A

empty vain; large veins returning from the body to the right atrium were named vena cavae, because they were found empty in hanged persons dissected during medieval times.

  • superior and inferior vena cava
  • bring blood back to the heart without oxygen from the body
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7
Q

van der Waals forces

A

relatively weak attraction between atoms and molecules with hydrophobic properties due to the random fluctuation of the electron clouds.

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8
Q

Valsava’s maneuver

A

sustained expirational effort against a closed airway, e.g. by closing ones mouth or pinching nose.

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9
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid containing one or more double bonds

Extra: (one or more double covalent bond between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain. Different to saturated fatty acid with single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms)

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10
Q

unipolar neuron

A

nerve cell with only one process

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11
Q

turbulent flow

A

a flow pattern in which particles of the fluid move irregularly in all directions of the space

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12
Q

T-tubules

A

invagination of the sarcolemma, carrying excitation to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

triglycerides

A

lipid molecules composed of three fatty acid residues esterified to glycerol

Extra: function: protection, insulation, energy storage.

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14
Q

tricuspid valve

A

valve between the right atrium and ventricle

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15
Q

trachea

A

large respiratory passageway connecting the pharynx with the bronchi of the vertebrate lung

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16
Q

trace elements

A

elements needed in very low concentration for the normal functioning of the organism (Fe, I, Zn, Co, Mn etc.) Their total amount is about 0.01%.

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17
Q

time constant

A

time required for an externally included potential change in the membrane to decrease to 37% (1/e) of the original potential.

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18
Q

tight junction

A

area of the membrane fusion between adjoining cells that prevents the passage of extracellular material between the cells

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19
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air moved during a relaxed inspiration or expiration

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20
Q

thrombosis

A

blockade of a vessel due to a blood clot formed in the vessel

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21
Q

tetanic contraction

A

uninterrupted muscular contraction caused by high-frequency motor impulses

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22
Q

tercier structure of proteins

A

3D, spatial form of the protein chain stabilized by weak interactions (electrostatic, van der Waals)

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23
Q

systole

A

the portion of the heart beat when the heart muscle is contracting

happens when depolarization reaches the contractile cardiac muscle cells.

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24
Q

surfactant

A

surface active agent lining the inner surface of the alveoli (in the lungs) which decreases surface tension

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25
Q

surface active substance

A

(amphipathic - detergent) - its molecules possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts; they tend to line up at the border separating two different phases (lipid-water, water-air, etc.) with the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts located in the appropriate phase.

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26
Q

Surface active agent

A

amphipathic molecule bearing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups

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27
Q

summation

A

in time and space; adding up of the effects of two synaptic potentials occuring at the same synapse with short delay or in neighboring synapses concurrently

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28
Q

sucrose

A

disaccharide built up by glucose and fructose; it is the most common commercially available sweetener

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29
Q

Strenght (energy) of a bond

A

energy released during the formation of the given bond between atoms - this energy is needed to break apart the atoms

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30
Q

Starling’s hypothesis

A

theory to explain the production and absorption of interstitial fluid

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31
Q

spirometer

A

device to measure lung volumes and aspects of breathing

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32
Q

specificity

A

due to its spatial structure, a receptor, enzyme or transporter molecule can only bind a limited number of substrate molecules

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33
Q

Space constant

A

externally induced and electronically conducted potential changes in the membrane decrease to 37% (1/e) after traveling a distance equal to the space constant

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34
Q

Sliding filament hypothesis

A

generally accepted theory explaining muscle contraction by sliding of actin and myosin filaments on each other

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35
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

specialized cardiac tissue in the right atrium acting as the pacemaker of the heart

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36
Q

side chain

A

a group bond to the alpha-carbon atom of amino acids; amino acids are distinguished by the chemical composition of this group

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37
Q

septum

A

muscular tissue separating the left and right atria and ventricle

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38
Q

semipermeable membrane

A

membrane separating two solutions and limiting the penetration of some solvents from one side to the other, while admitting some other solvents.

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39
Q

semilunar valves

A

valves at the orifice of the aorta and pulmonary artery

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40
Q

secondary structure of proteins

A

formation of regular structures (alpha helix, B-sheet) in the peptide chain stabilized by H-bonds

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41
Q

second messengers

A

small molecules whose concentration changes after the first messenger (signal) attaches to the membrane receptor

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42
Q

Schwann cell

A

glia cell formin myelin sheath around axons at the pheriphery

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43
Q

scalar electrocardiogram

A

signal measured in any of the Einthoven leads, corresponding to the projection of the electrical vector of the heart onto a line connecting two electrodes, thus transforming the vector into a scalar variable

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44
Q

saturation

A

characteristic feature of protein mediated transport processes - by increasing the concentration of the molecules to be transported, increase of the transport speed increases less and less as most of the transporter molecules tend to be occupied after a certain concentration.

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45
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum; large internal store of Ca++ ions in the muscle fibres

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46
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

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47
Q

sarcomere

A

are between two z lines in the myofibril

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48
Q

sarcolemma

A

membrane of the muscle fiber

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49
Q

saltatory conduction

A

fast conduction of action potentials on myelinated axons; action potentials are only regenerated, thus delayed at noeds of Ranvier, while they pass through internodes by electrotonic conduction with minimal delay - action potentials are “jumping from node to node”, hence the name.

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50
Q

respiratory cardiac arrythmia

A

changes in the sinus rhythm caused by breathing

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51
Q

repolarization

A

return of a membrane that has been depolarized to its resting membrane potential

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52
Q

refractory period

A

period during and immediately after an action potential in which the membrane cannot be excited (absolute refractory period) or has an elevated threshold (relative refractory period)

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53
Q

queaternary structure of proteins

A

spatial arrangement of peptide chains and non-peptide components of a protein

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54
Q

quantal release

A

transmitter substances are released in small packages (quanta) from the synaptic terminal

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55
Q

pyramidines

A

compounds based on a ring containing four C(carbon) and two N(nitrogen) atoms; uracil, thymidine and cytosine, bases in nucleic acids are pyrimidine compounds

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56
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

modified heart muscle fibres conducting excitation from the bundle of His to the myocardium of the ventricles

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57
Q

purines

A

compounds based on a two ring structure containing five C(carbon) and two N(nitrogen) atoms; adenine and guanine, bases in nucleic acids are purine compounds

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58
Q

pulse volume

A

volume of blood pumped by the heart into the circulation during one systole

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59
Q

pseudounipolar neuron

A

nerve cell with one process that branches near to the cell body forming two equivalent neurits

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60
Q

protein kinase

A

enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a protein

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61
Q

protein

A

proteios = first in rank (Greek), macromolecule built up by amino acids

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62
Q

projection neuron

A

nerve cell with a long axon running to remote targets

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63
Q

primary structure of proteins

A

sequence of amino acids building up the molecule

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64
Q

Pressor area (center)

A

area in the dorsolateral reticular formation of the medulla; its excitation increase heart rate, constrict vessels, thus increases blood pressure through sympathetic fibres.

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65
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

autonomic neuron located in the central nervous system that sends an axon into the periphery and synapses onto postganglionic cells

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66
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

muscular ring at the origin of capillaries regulating blood flow in the capillary

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67
Q

posttetanic potentiation

A

increased efficacy of synaptic transmission following presynaptic stimulation at a high frequency

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68
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

autonomic neuron located in a peripheral ganglion that receives input from preganglionic neurons and synapses onto target organs

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69
Q

polysaccharides

A

macromolecules built up by simple sugar molecules (contain 10-100 monosaccharides).
e.g. glycogen and cellulose

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70
Q

polypnea

A

rapid breathing (or respiration)

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71
Q

polar

A 
charged substance (or molecule) 
that can interact with water (hydrophilic).
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72
Q

nonpolar

A

substance lacking completely or partially separated charges that can be dissolved in lipids

(hydrophobic/lipophilic): cannot interact with water molecules, thus unsolvable in water.

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73
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

equation describing the laminar flow of fluids in rigid tubes; as the function of pressure difference, tube diameter and length and viscosity.

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74
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapse of the lung due to a puncture that penetrates the pleural cavity

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75
Q

plateau

A

characteristic period in the action potential of the heart muscle cell, during which membrane potential is relatively constant

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76
Q

Phosphorylation

A

incorporation of a phosphate group into an organic molecule

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77
Q

phospholipid

A

a lipid that contains one or more phosphate group attached to it.
phosphorus-containing lipid

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78
Q

phosphoglyceride

A
  • glycerol baced phospholipids.
  • ubiquitous phosphorus containing lipid; its structure is similar to that of the triglycerides, but one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous compound.
  • polar (hydrophilic) head and non-polar (hydrophobic) tail
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79
Q

Phagocytosis

pinocytosis

A

forms or ways of endocytosis to take up solid particles or fluid into the cell

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80
Q

phagocyte

A

a cell that ingest other cells, microorganisms or other foreign particles

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81
Q

permeability

A

ability of a compound to cross the membrane; it depends on the characteristics of the compound and of the membrane

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82
Q

peripheral (extrinsic) protein

A

protein associated to the external or internal surface of the cell membrane

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83
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond created by condensation (reaction releasing a water molecule) of the amino and carboxyl group of two amino acids

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84
Q

peptide

A

short protein molecule

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85
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

chain of ganglia connected with nerve trunks along the spinal cord that contains sympathetic postganglionic neurons

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86
Q

paracrine communication

A

communication in which the signal reaches the target cell through the interstitial space

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87
Q

overshoot

A

part of the action potential, where the membrane potential becomes positive

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88
Q

output of the heart

A

blood volume pumped by the heart into the circulation in one minute

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89
Q

osmosis

A

passive diffusion of water; water is moving through the (selectively permeable) membrane from the area of higher concentration of water (solvent) to the area of lower concentration of water - following its concentration gradient.

  • from area of low concentration of solute (e.g. sugar) to area of higher concentration of solute.
  • from the more diluted solution toward the more concentrated solution.
  • osmosis occurs only when a membrane is permeable to water bu not to certain solutes
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90
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

glia cell in the central nervous system forming myelin sheet around axons passing thorugh its vicinity

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91
Q

nucleotide

A

building block of nucleic acids formed by purine or pyrimidine base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group

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92
Q

nucleoside

A

similar to nucleotide but contains no phosphate group

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93
Q

non-covalent bonds or weak forces

A

supplemental, but important interactions between and within biological molecules: electrostatic (ionic) bonds.

e.g. hydrogen bond, result from attraction of opposite charged parts of molecules rather than from sharing electrones

Wan der Waals interaction: the two atomic nuclei are closer together than the sum of the two Van der Waals radi

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94
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

one of the regularly spaced interruptions of the myelin sheath between two Schwann cells along an axon

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95
Q

Nissl substance

A

characteristic component of nerve cells corresponding to rough endoplasmic reticulum

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96
Q

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

A

ACh receptor at which nicotine mimics the effect of acetylcholine

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97
Q

neutrophil granulocyte

A

white blood cell (type: granular leukocytes)

  • essential part in innate immune system
  • containing vesicles stained by neutral stains?
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98
Q

Neurotransmitter (mediator)

A

signal molecule interacting with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane and usually modifying the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell

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99
Q

neuromuscular endplate

A

synapse between the motoneuron and the muscle fibre

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100
Q

neuromodulator

A

signal molecule changing neuronal functions; it usually has a broader and longer lasting effect than the neutransmitters

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101
Q

neurocrine communication

A

communication in which the signal reaches the target cell through the synaptic cleft

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102
Q

neurit

A

process of neuronal cells

  • any projection from the cell body of the neuron
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103
Q

Nernst equation

A

equation for calculating electrochemical equilibrium conditions

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104
Q

NAD

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme

105
Q

myoglobin

A

iron-containing oxygen-binding protein molecule in the muscles resembling hemoglobin

106
Q

myofibril

A

a longitudinal unit of a muscle fiber, made up of sarcomeres and surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum

107
Q

myelin sheet

A

insulation around axons formed by Scwann cells or oligodendrocytes wrapping the axon into 50-100 layers of membrane

108
Q

muscle twitch

A

contraction and relaxation caused by a single action potential in the muscle

109
Q

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

A

ACh receptor at which muscarine mimics the effect of acetylcholine

110
Q

multipolar neuron

A

nerve cell with many processes; most neurons are like this.

111
Q

monosaccharide

A 
simple sugar (ribose, glucose, fructose etc.)
- type of carbohydrate
112
Q

monocyte

A

large white blood cell with phagocyte function

113
Q

mitral valve

A

biscuspid valve between the left atrium and ventricle in the heart

114
Q

miniature end-plate potential

A

small, quantal changes of membrane potential in the neuromuscular synapse caused by the spontaneous presynaptic release of transmitter molecules

115
Q

microvilli

A

small, fingerlike protrusions of the apical membrane increasing the surface of some epithelial cells

116
Q

metarteriole

A

vessel connecting arterioles and venules from which true capillaries originate

117
Q

memory cell

A

lymphocyte specialized for the long-term storage of the code to synthesize an antibody

118
Q

mean electrical axis

A

direction of the electrical vector of the heart at the peak of the R-wave

119
Q

maximal ejection

A

part of the heart cycle following the opening of the semilunar valves during systole

120
Q

lymphocyte

A

white blood cell responsible for the production of antibodies

121
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

long lasting increase of efficacy in a synapse following strong stimulation in some parts of the CNS (central nervous system)

122
Q

lipoprotein

A

protein molecule containing lipid groups

123
Q

lipids

A

organic compounds soluble in nonpolar solvents

  • most are hydrophobic - nonsoluble in polar solvents such as water.
  • 18-25 % of body mass
124
Q

ligand

A

signal molecule that can specifically bind to a receptor

125
Q

laminar flow

A

movement of a fluid or air, during which layers are sliding smoothly on each other

126
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide formed by glucose and galactose molecules

127
Q

keto-sugar

A

sugar containing a ketone group (e.g. fructose)

128
Q

isotropic

A

optically homogenous material, transmission is independent of the plane of the polarized light

129
Q

isotonic contraction

A

contraction of muscles at constant tension when only length changes

130
Q

isometric contraction

A

contraction of muscles at constant length when only tension changes

131
Q

isometric (isovolumic) relaxation

A

relaxation of the ventricles while valves are closed and volume is constant (in the heart)

132
Q

isometric (isovolumic) contraction

A

contraction of the ventricles while valves are closed and volume is constant (in the heart)

133
Q

ion pump

A

active transport process moving ions through the membrane using energy stored in ATP molecules

134
Q

ion channel

A

(leakage, voltage dependent, ligand dependent) - pore enabling passage of ions through the membrane; it is formed by intrinsic membrane proteins and is either continously open (leakage) or opened by a change of membrane potential or by the binding of ligand (signal) molecule

135
Q

intrinsic (integral) protein

A

membrane protein spanning the membrane from one surface to the other

136
Q

interstitial space

A

tissue space between cells

137
Q

internode

A

space along a myelinated axon that is covered by a myelinating glial cell (Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte)

138
Q

inspirational reserve volume

A

IRV- the air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort at the end of a tidal inspiration at rest

139
Q

immunoglobulin

A

same as antibody, which is a protein molecule produced by the lymphocytes that can specifically bind to antigens

  • used by immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances, such as bacteria and virus
  • recognizes the antigen in the foreign target
140
Q

antibody

A

a protein molecule produced by the lymphocytes (B-cells) that can specifically bind to antigens

  • same as immuunoglobulin
  • used by immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances, such as bacteria and virus
  • recognizes the antigen in the foreign target
141
Q

hypopolarization

A

a shift of the resting membrane potential toward less negative values - a decrease

142
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased lung ventilation

occurs when the rate and quantity of alveolar ventilation of carbon dioxide exceeds body’s production of carbon dioxide.[1][2] Hyperventilation can be voluntary or involuntary.

143
Q

hyperpnea

A

breathing that is faster or deeper than normal

144
Q

hydrophobic (lipophilic)

A

nonpolar molecule that is unable to interact with water molecules, thus insoluble in water

145
Q

hydrophilic (lipophobic)

A

polar or charged molecule that is able to interact with water molecules, thus can be dissolved in water

146
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a type of non-covalent bond or weak force

  • weak interaction between an H-atom bound to a highly electronegative atom (O, N) in a molecule and another highly electronegative atom (O, N) in the same or different molecule
147
Q

hydration

A

water molecules surround polar molecules and ions shielding off their charges and ensuring that they remain in the solution

148
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of the relativ internal stability by physiological control systems

149
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of total blood volume occupied by (mostly red) blood cells, in humans it is normally between 40-50%

150
Q

GTP

A

guanosine triphosphate, energy-rich nucleotide, like ATP

151
Q

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation

A

approximate description of the resting membrane potential, based on the concentration and permeability of the three most important diffusible ions (Ka+, K+, CI-)

152
Q

glycoprotein

A

a protein containing carbohydrate groups

153
Q

glycolipid

A

a lipid containing carbohydrate groups, in most cases galactose

154
Q

glycogen

A

highly branched glucose polymer found in animals (“animal starch”)

155
Q

glucose

A

aldohexose, the cell’s primary metabolic fuel; blood sugar

156
Q

globulin

A

A type of blood plasma protein molecule that has a spherical tertiary structure (e.g. hemoglobin, immunoglobulin)

157
Q

functional syncytium

A

heart mucle cells, in contrast to skeletal muscle cells do not fuse to form fibres, but form a functional unit because of the electrical synapses (gap juntions) between them

158
Q

functional residual capacity

A

(FRC) volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

159
Q

Fructose

A

ketohexose found in honey and many fruits

  • type of monosaccharide carbohydrate; a simple sugar molecule
160
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

according to this model, biological membranes are built up of a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules can easily move (float) in the horizontal direction

161
Q

filtration

A

movement of water and small molecules through a membrane (capillary wall) because of the pressure difference

162
Q

filament

A

thin fiber made up of proteins; sliding of actin and myosin filaments on each other explains muscle contraction

163
Q

fibrinogen

A

protein component of the blood plasma; its polymerization to fibrin is the most important step of blood coagulation

164
Q

fibrillation

A

asynchronous, disorganised contraction of individual muscle fibres in the atria or ventricles of the heart

165
Q

FAD

A

flavin - adenin dinucleotid, coenzyme

166
Q

facilitation

A

temporal increase of synaptic efficacy due to preceding activation of that synapse

167
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport of a molecule across a membrane along the concentration gradient, thus not using energy, but requiring a transporter to help the passage of the molecule

168
Q

extrasystole

A

excitation and contraction of the heart not corresponding to the normal sinus rythm

A premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal rhythm of the heart and that arises in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the normal impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node.

  • The extrasystole is followed by a pause, as the heart electrical system “resets” itself and the contraction following the pause is usually more forceful than normal. These more forceful contractions are frequently perceived as palpitations.
169
Q

expirational reserve volume

A

(ERV) volume exhaled by an active expiratory effort at the end of a passive tidal expiration

170
Q

exocytosis

A

transport of substances stored in internal vesicles from the cell to the surroundings by fusion of the vesicle with the cell membrane

-durable, energy-consuming process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane and into the extracellular space.

171
Q

Evans blue

A

blue stain that cannot penetrate the capillary wall; used for measuring the blood volume

172
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

173
Q

equilibrium

A

lowest energy state of a system that may result from opposing forces arising from within the system

174
Q

eosinophil granulocyte

A

white blood cell containing vesicles stained by eosin (acidic stain)

175
Q

endothelium

A

single cell layer forming the internal lining of blood vessels

176
Q

endocytosis

A

entrance of substances into the cell by membrane invagination to form an internal vesicle

177
Q

endocrine communication

A

the signal (e.g. hormone) uses the bloodstream as a channel to reach the target cells

178
Q

emolism

A

blockade of a vessel by an air bubble or blood clot originating at a different part of the circulatory system

179
Q

elimination

A

blockade of a vessel by an air bubble or blood clot originating at a different part of the circulatory system

180
Q

electrotonic transmission

A

decremental transmission: electrical signal transmission in which signals are conducted with exponentially decreasing amplitude in space

Electrotonic potential: represent changes to the neuron’s membrane potential that do not lead to the generation of new current by action potential

181
Q

decremental transmission

A

electrical signal transmission in which signals are conducted with exponentially decreasing amplitude in space

182
Q

electrostatic interaction

A

attraction between oppositely charged ions or parts of larger molecules

183
Q

electronegativity

A

dimensionless number indicating the affinity (tilhørighet/belonging) of atoms of a given element to the electrones

184
Q

electrochemical potential

A

combined effect of the electrical and concentration gradients on an ion

185
Q

electrical synapse

A

alternate name for gap junctions between excitable cells through which small molecules, thus ions carrying excitation can pass

186
Q

Einthoven leads

A

standard way of electrode positioning for recording ECG in humans

187
Q

effector protein

A

protein transmitting the effect of G-protein activation in the cell

188
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

189
Q

dyspnea

A

labored, difficult breathin

190
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

collection of somata of primary sensory neurons on the nerve trunk entering the spinal cord on the doorsal surface

191
Q

Donnan Equilibrium

A

electrochemical equilibrium that develops when two solutions are sparated by a membrane permeable to only some of the ions in the solutions

192
Q

disulfide linkage

A

a bond between two sulfide groups (side chains of cystein amino acids) determining the structure of proteins

193
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugar molecule formed by two single sugars

  • type og carbohydrate
  • e.g. sucrose made up of glucose and fructose
194
Q

dipole

A

a molecule having separate regions of net negative and net positive charge

195
Q

diffusion

A

random thermal movement of atoms, molecules and ions from sites with higher concentration toward sites with lower concentration

196
Q

diastole

A

the phase in the heartbeat during which the myocardium is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood

  • happens after repolarization
197
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities in mammals

198
Q

depressor area (center)

A

collection of neurons located caudally in medially from the pressor area in the medulla decreasing blood pressure by the inhibition of the pressor area and by excitation of the vagal efferents running to the heart

199
Q

depolarization

A

sudden change within a cell during which the cell undergoes a dramatic electrical change

  • see hypopolarization: a shift of the resting membrane potential toward less negative values - a decrease
200
Q

dendrite

A

fine process of a neuron that typically provide the main receptive area for synaptic inputs from other neurons

201
Q

denaturation

A

usually irreversible change in the conformation of protein molecules

202
Q

covalent bond

A

the strongest bond between two atoms in which electrons are shared on common molecular orbits

203
Q

convection

A

bulk flow, movement of substances caused by pressure differences

204
Q

contractility

A

ability for shortening

  • in case of myocardial contractility: the intrinsic ability of the heart/myocardium to contract
205
Q

conformational change

A

transient, reversible change in the spatial structure of a protein molecule

206
Q

conductance

A

reciprocal value of the resistance

May refer to:

  • Electrical conductance, the ability for electricity to flow a certain path
  • Fluid conductance, the ability for fluid to transmit through materials
  • Thermal conductivity, the ability for temperatures to transmit through materials
207
Q

concentration gradient

A

change in the concentration of a substance depending on distance (dc/dx)

  1. a gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution.
  2. the gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two regions.
    - In biology, a gradient results from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When this happens, solutes move along a concentration gradient. This kind of movement is called diffusion.
208
Q

complement system

A

protein molecules responsible for the elimination of the antigen-antibody complex

209
Q

competitive inhibition

A

reversible inhibition caused by a molecule that can bind to the same active site of an enzyme, receptor or transporter as the inhibited molecule

210
Q

compensatory pause

A

longer than normal pause between two heart beats following and extrasystole

  • The extrasystole is followed by a pause, as the heart electrical system “resets” itself and the contraction following the pause is usually more forceful than normal. These more forceful contractions are frequently perceived as palpitations.
211
Q

compartmentalization

A

division of a space (e.g. cytoplasm) with limiting surfaces into subspaces with limited exchange of materials

212
Q

colocalization

A

simultaneous presence of two transmitters or a transmitter and a neuromodulator in the same synaptic vesicle

213
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure generated by blood proteins unable to penetrate through the capillary wall

Osmotic pressure:
the pressure necessary to prevent osmosis into a given solution when the solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane

214
Q

collateral processes

A

branches of an axon terminating in locations other than the major target location

215
Q

collagen

A

protein, main component of the collagen fibres

216
Q

CoA, coenzyme A

A

coenzyme built around the adenine nucleotide

217
Q

cis and trans position

A

on the same or on the opposite side

cis means on this side

trans means on the other side

  • e.g. the two possibilities for the continuation of the lipid chain at the two ends of a double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid
218
Q

choroid plexus

A

glomeruli of blood vessels protruding into the brain ventricles and covered by glial cells whose function is the secretion of liquor (cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)

219
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide built up of glucose molecules forming straight chains

220
Q

catecholamines

A

biogenic amines based on the catechol structure

aromatic six-carbon ring with two OH groups:

  • dopamine (DA),
  • norepinephrine (noradrenalin, NA),
  • epinephrine (adrenaline, Adr)
221
Q

carotid sinus

A

dilatation of the internal carotid artery at its origin, containing many baroreceptors

222
Q

capacitance vessels

A

alternate name for veins because of their large compliance

capacitance of blood vessels:

  • describes the distensibility of blood vessels located within the body; it is directly related to elasticity.
  • Therefore, the greater the amount of elastic tissue in a blood vessel, the greater the elasticity, and the lower the compliance.
  • This ultimately describes how volume changes in response to a change in pressure within the blood vessel at hand.
223
Q

cAMP

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate, signaling molecule

224
Q

bundle of His

A
  • special conducting tract within the interventricular septum of the mammalian heart
  • running from the atrioventricular (AV) node toward the poles of the ventricles
225
Q

bronchiole

A

part of the airways containing no cartilage

the passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa.

226
Q

blood-brain-barrier

A

mechanism controlling the transport of materials from the blood to the extracellular space of the brain

  • highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS).
227
Q

bipolar neuron

A

neuron with two processes fulfilling the same function

  • specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.
  • Common examples are the bipolar cell of the retina, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve,[1] and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit efferent (motor) signals to control muscles.
228
Q

biogenic amines

A

signalling molecules synthesized in the body from amino acids by decarboxylization

229
Q

bilirubin

A

end product of heme metabolism during the normal destruction of red blood cells

230
Q

beta sheet

A

two-dimensional secondary structure of proteins stabilised by H-bonds between peptide bonds on chain segments running in the opposite directions

231
Q

basophil granulocyte

A

white blood cell containing vesicles stained by basic stains

232
Q

basal myogenic tone

A

in some parts of the body, vessels with a muscular wall (mostly arterioles) contract in response to an increase in blood pressure to prevent an unnecessary increase in blood flow

233
Q

baroreceptor reflex

A

reflex mechanism starting from baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and in the aortic arch which regulate blood pressure

the baroreceptors are stretched more the higher the blood pressure is, thus sending signals to the control centers which then decrease or increase the blood pressure depending on the signal.

234
Q

axonal transport (anterograde, retrograde)

A
  • transport mechanism in neurons providing relatively fast movement of substances toward the axon terminals (forward) and toward the cell body (retrograde)
235
Q

axon

A

neurit, a process of neurons specialized for the transmission of excitation

236
Q

autoimmune disease

A

erroneous immune response of an organism against its own proteins or macromolecules

237
Q

atrium

A

chamber of the heart into which venous blood is returned

left atrium
right atrium: containing sinotrial (SA) node

238
Q

atrioventricular node

A

specialized conduction tissue in the heart at the border of the right atrium and ventricle

239
Q

ATP

A

adenosine-triphosphate, energy-rich nucleotide used as a common energy source by all cells

240
Q

arteriovenous oxygen difference

A

difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial and venous blood flowing to and from an organ

241
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis

A

short vessels found especially in the skin, connecting arterioles and venules

242
Q

arteriole

A

muscular vessel connecting arteries and capillaries

  • type of muscular artery
  • smooth muscles that are in the wall of the artery make the venule very tight, which increases its resistance
243
Q

apnea

A

a suspension or absence of breathing

244
Q

antigen

A

usually a large molecule or a smaller part of it that induces immunological response in the target organism

  • in the surface of the blood plasma
245
Q

antagonist

A

a substance that inhibits the effect of a mediator or transmitter at the receptor

246
Q

annulus fibrous

A

sheet of connective tissue separating the atria from ventricles and providing anchoring points for the valves

247
Q

anisotropic substance

A

differentially transparent to polarized light depending on the plane of the light

248
Q

alveoli

A

functional units of the lung, gases are exchanged through the walls of the alveoli

249
Q

alpha helix

A

helical secondary structure of proteins spabilized by H-bonds between peptide bonds located above each other

250
Q

alpha carbon atom

A

in organic acids the C-atom closest to the carboxyl group

see alpha amino acids

251
Q

all-or-none response

A

amplitude of action potentials induced in excitable cells does not depend on the strength of the stimulus only on the membrane properties and on the ionic gradients

252
Q

aldo-sugar

A

sugar containing a aldehyde group (e.g. glucose, galactose)

253
Q

albumin

A

largest protein fraction in the blood plasma, mainly responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma

254
Q

agonist

A

a substance that have the same effect on a receptor as the mediator or transmitter

255
Q

afterhyperpolarization

A

hyperpolarization following an action potential

256
Q

acive transport

A

energy- requiring translocation of a substance across a membrane against its electrochemical gradient

257
Q

actin and myosin

A

proteins responsible for the muscle contraction

258
Q

granylocyte

A

white blood cells with multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic graules whose staining is used to differentiate between the three basic types: neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil

Physiology and Anatomy 1 Lecture (1 decks)

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