Definitions

Question 1

Delusion

Answer 1

an idiosyncratic belief or impression that is firmly maintained despite being contradicted by what is generally accepted as reality or rational argument, typically a symptom of mental disorder.

Question 2

Ideas of Reference

Answer 2

seeing coincidences as having personal meaning

Question 3

Thought Broadcasting

Answer 3

delusional belief that others can hear or are aware of an individual’s thoughts. This differs from telepathy in that the thoughts being broadcast are thought to be available to anybody.

Question 4

Thought Insertion

Answer 4

The delusion that thoughts are being placed into one’s mind by an outside source.

Question 5

Thought withdrawal

Answer 5

The patient believes that thoughts have been taken away from his or her mind. He or she is able to describe a subjective experience of beginning a thought and then suddenly having it removed by some alien force. This symptom does not include the mere subjective recognition of alogia.

Question 6

Hallucinations

Answer 6

represent an abnormality in perception. They are false perceptions occurring in the absence of an identifiable external stimulus

Question 7

Loosening of Associations/Derailment

Answer 7

Thought disorder characterized by discourse consisting of a sequence of unrelated or only remotely related ideas. The frame of reference often changes from one sentence to the next.

Question 8

Tangentiality

Answer 8

The patient replies to a question in an oblique, tangential, or even irrelevant manner. The reply may be related to the question in some distant way, or the reply may be unrelated and seem totally irrelevant.

Question 9

Incoherence (Word Salad)

Answer 9

“confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases” (differs from derailment in that with incoherence the abnormality occurs at the level of the sentence or clause, which contains words or phrases that are joined incoherently.)

Question 10

Circumstantiality

Answer 10

pattern of speech that is very indirect and delayed in reaching its goal ideas. In the process of explaining something, the speaker brings in many tedious details and sometimes makes parenthetical remarks.

Question 11

Distractible speech

Answer 11

During the course of a discussion or an interview, the patient stops talking in the middle of a sentence or idea and changes the subject in response to a nearby stimulus, such as an object on a desk, the interviewer’s clothing or appearance, and so forth.

Question 12

Clanging

Answer 12

mode of speech characterized by association of words based upon sound rather than concepts

Question 13

Stupor

Answer 13

lack of critical cognitive function and level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain

Question 14

Waxy Flexibility

Answer 14

if one were to move the arm of someone with waxy flexibility, they would keep their arm where one moved it until it was moved again, as if it were made from wax

Question 15

Catalepsy

Answer 15

Symptoms include: rigid body, rigid limbs, limbs staying in same position when moved (waxy flexibility), no response, loss of muscle control, and slowing down of bodily functions, such as breathing.

Question 16

Posturing

Answer 16

voluntarily assumes an inappropriate or a bizarre posture. Manneristic gestures or tics also may be observed. These involve movements or gestures that appear artificial or contrived, are not appropriate to the situation, or are stereotyped and repetitive. (Patients with tardive dyskinesia may have manneristic gestures or tics, but these should not be considered manifestations of catatonia.)

Question 17

Grimacing

Answer 17

Odd mannerisms with the body and face

Question 18

Echopraxia

Answer 18

involuntary repetition or imitation of another person’s actions

Question 19

Echolalia

Answer 19

involuntary repetition of sounds and language

Question 20

Encopresis

Answer 20

Stool holding

Question 21

Alogia

Answer 21

characterized by a lack of speech, often caused by a disruption in the thought process. Sparse reply, lack spontaneous content, often slur responses, from difficultly mentally grasping the right words

Question 22

Poverty of speech

Answer 22

restricted amount of spontaneous speech, so that replies to questions tend to be brief, concrete, and unelaborated. Unprompted additional information is rarely provided.

Question 23

Poverty of Content

Answer 23

Speech that lacks meaning, or where speech quantity is far greater than necessary for the message conveyed.

Question 24

Thought Blocking

Answer 24

person’s speech is suddenly interrupted by silences that may last a few seconds to a minute or longer.

Question 25

Perseveration

Answer 25

repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase, or gesture, despite the absence or cessation of a stimulus, usually caused by brain injury or other organic disorder

Question 26

Avolition

Answer 26

psychological state characterized by general lack of drive, or motivation to pursue meaningful goals. A person may show little participation in work or have little interest in socializing. They may sit still for long periods of time

Question 27

Anergia

Answer 27

abnormal lack of energy (can be component of avolition)

Question 28

Anhedonia

Answer 28

inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, e.g. exercise, hobbies, music, sexual activities or social interactions. Recent models have highlighted the need to consider different aspects of enjoyable behavior, such as motivation or desire to engage in an activity (“motivational anhedonia”), as compared to the level of enjoyment of the activity itself (“consummatory anhedonia”)

Question 29

Grandiosity

Answer 29

unrealistic sense of superiority—a sustained view of oneself as better than others that causes the narcissist to view others with disdain or as inferior—as well as to a sense of uniqueness: the belief that few others have anything in common with oneself and that one can only be understood by a few or very special people

Question 30

Flight of Ideas

Answer 30

excessive speech at a rapid rate that involves fragmented or unrelated ideas. Common in mania.

Question 31

Dysphoria

Answer 31

a state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with life.

Question 32

Obsessions

Answer 32

inability of a person to stop thinking about a particular topic or feeling a certain emotion without a high amount of anxiety

Question 33

Compulsions

Answer 33

performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to an actual reward or pleasure.[1] Compulsive behaviors could be an attempt to make obsessions go away. usually a small, restricted and repetitive behavior, yet not disturbing in a pathological way

Question 34

Psychomotor agitation

Answer 34

series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension and anxiety of an individual.

Question 35

Psychomotor retardation

Answer 35

involves a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual. Psychomotor retardation can cause a visible slowing of physical and emotional reactions, including speech and affect

Question 36

Insomnia/Hypersomnia

Answer 36

difficulty falling or staying asleep; excessive daytime sleepiness

Question 37

Melancholia

Answer 37

state of low mood (historical name for major depressive disorder)

Question 38

Mania

Answer 38

abnormally elevated arousal energy level. Elevated irritability is common along with behavior that seems on the surface to be the opposite of depression. extreme energy, racing thoughts, and forced speech. (Single manic episode sufficient to diagnose bipolar I)

Question 39

Hypomania

Answer 39

Hypomania is a lowered state of mania that does little to impair function or decrease quality of life.[8] In hypomania, there is less need for sleep and both goal-motivated behaviour and metabolism increase. Though the elevated mood and energy level typical of hypomania could be seen as a benefit, mania itself generally has many undesirable consequences including suicidal tendencies. (Indicative of Bipolar II or cyclothymia)

Question 40

Pressured Speech

Answer 40

speech at an accelerated or frenetic pace that conveys urgency seemingly inappropriate to the situation. It is often difficult for listeners to interrupt pressured speech, and the speech may be too rapid to understand.

Question 41

Atypical Depression

Answer 41

depression that shares many of the typical symptoms of the psychiatric syndromes major depression or dysthymia but is characterized by improved mood in response to positive events.

Question 42

Agoraphobia

Answer 42

anxiety in situations where the sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, often due to the environment’s vast openness or crowdedness

Question 43

Dissociation

Answer 43

wide array of experiences from mild detachment from immediate surroundings to more severe detachment from physical and emotional experience. The major characteristic of all dissociative phenomena involves a detachment from reality, rather than a loss of reality as in psychosis

Question 44

Depersonalization

Answer 44

anomaly of self-awareness. consists of a feeling of watching oneself act, while having no control over a situation.

Question 45

Derealization

Answer 45

alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems unreal. Other symptoms include feeling as though one’s environment is lacking in spontaneity, emotional coloring and depth (Derealization is a subjective experience of unreality of the outside world, while depersonalization is unreality in one’s sense of self)

Question 46

Persecutory Delusion

Answer 46

delusional condition in which the affected person believes they are being persecuted. Specifically, they have been defined as containing two central elements: 1) The individual thinks that harm is occurring, or is going to occur. 2) The individual thinks that the perceived persecutor has the intention to cause harm.

Question 47

Somatic Delusion

Answer 47

fixed, false belief that one’s bodily functioning, sensation, or appearance is grossly abnormal. The somatic delusion has to do with thinking that your body is diseased in some way

Question 48

Affective Flattening/Blunting

Answer 48

Unchanging facial expression, decreased spontaneous movements, lack of gestures, poor eye contact, affective non-responsivity, lack of vocal inflections