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Geography GCSE > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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0
Q

Backwash:

A

The movement of water down a beach by the action of gravity

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1
Q

Appropriate Technology:

A

Aid supplied by a donor country whereby the level of technology and skill required to service it are properly suited to the receiving country

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2
Q

Beach replenishment:

A

Building up the beach by pumping sand or shingle onto it

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3
Q

Bedload:

A

Larger particles moved along by a river bed

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4
Q

Birth rate:

A

The number of children born in a year for every 1000 people in a population

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5
Q

Brownfield site:

A

Land on which buildings have been built upon before

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6
Q

Catchment area:

A

The area from which people come to a shop or a shopping centre

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7
Q

Central Business District (CBD):

A

The main shopping and business centre of a city

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8
Q

Commuter range:

A

The distance people will travel from their homes to places of work

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9
Q

Constructive Waves:

A

Waves that build up beach material to create landforms

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10
Q

Conurbation:

A

A large urban area formed when cities and towns merge as they grow towards each other

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11
Q

Convenience/Low Order Goods:

A

Goods that people but frequently for everyday needs (e.g: bread, milk)

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12
Q

Counter-urbanisation:

A

A movement of people away from a city or town

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13
Q

Cyclone:

A

A system of winds rotating inwards to create an area of low pressure

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14
Q

Death rate:

A

The number of people who die in a year for every 1000 people in a population

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15
Q

Delta:

A

Where a river breaks into many distributaries before it reaches the Sea (e.g: the bird’s foot delta)

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16
Q

Dependent:

A

When an area is reliant on one company or type of company for the majority of it’s employment

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17
Q

Desertification:

A

The process by which land becomes desert

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18
Q

Destructive waves:

A

Waves that erode coastlines

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19
Q

Development:

A

The use of resources and the application of available technology to improve the standard of living within a country

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20
Q

Discharge:

A

The volume of water in a river passing a point in a given time, measured in cumecs (cubic metres per second)

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21
Q

Disposable income:

A

The amount of income a person has left after paying for all necessities

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22
Q

Dredging:

A

Taking sediment from a river or sea bed

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23
Q

Eco-tourism:

A

Environmentally responsible travel to natural areas in a way that has low impact on the natural environment and benefits to the local economy

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24
Q

Epicentre:

A

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an Earthquake

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25
Q

Erosion:

A

The wearing away and removal of rocks by the action of wind, water or ice

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26
Q

Estuary:

A

Tidal part of a river mouth

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27
Q

Evapotranspiration:

A

The sum of evaporation from the Earth’s surface together with the transpiration from plants

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28
Q

Exponential growth:

A

A rate of increase that quickly doubles

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29
Q

Exports:

A

Goods that are sold to other countries

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30
Q

Flood plain:

A

Flat are next to a river that is liable to flood. Fertile ground that is good for farming

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31
Q

Free trade:

A

Trade between countries when the prices paid are determined by what the producer wants to be paid and what the consumer is prepared to pay

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32
Q

Freeze-thaw:

A

The continued freezing and thawing of moisture in rocks that eventually causes them to break

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33
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

A

Total value of goods and services produced by a country in year

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34
Q

Globalisation:

A

The increasing interconnection and interdependence of the world economically, culturally and politically

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35
Q

Greenfield Site:

A

Fields or open land that has not had any buildings on before

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36
Q

Gross National Income:

A

Total value produced within a country together with its income received from other countries

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37
Q

Groundwater flow:

A

Movement of water underground through rocks

38
Q

Groyne:

A

Wooden or concrete construction built across a beach in an attempt to prevent longshore drift

39
Q

Hard Engineering:

A

Use of concrete or other permanent constructions built across a shoreline to prevent coastal erosion

40
Q

Honeypot sites:

A

Particular locations that attract a lot of visitors/ tourists

41
Q

Immigrant:

A

A person who moves into a country to live there for longer than a year ( An Emigrant is the opposite- they move out)

42
Q

Imports:

A

Goods that are bought from other countries

43
Q

Infiltration:

A

Seeping of water into soil

44
Q

Interception:

A

Collection of water by vegetation

45
Q

Informal Sector:

A

Jobs that are often without regular hours and payment- not recognised by the government

46
Q

Irrigation:

A

Artificial watering of the land

47
Q

Lateral erosion:

A

Erosion of the sides of Valley

48
Q

Life expectancy:

A

The average number of years a person may be expected to live when born, assuming past trends continue

49
Q

Literacy Rate:

A

The percentage of people who have basic reading skills

50
Q

Longshore drift:

A

The movement of material along a coastline by the actions of waves

51
Q

Managed retreat:

A

Allowing the sea to flood lowland, low value areas

52
Q

Meanders:

A

Large bends in a river. When these are cut off they form Oxbow Lakes

53
Q

Migration:

A

To move from one area to another, this can be internal or international

54
Q

Multiplier effect:

A

The process whereby a significant increase in economic growth can lead to even more growth as more money circulates in the economy

55
Q

Non-Government Organisations:

A

Private organisations that work on big issues affecting humanity. They may get money from governments and work with them but they’re never controlled by the government

56
Q

Precipitation:

A

Moisture that falls from the atmosphere in any form

57
Q

Prevailing Wind:

A

Most frequent wind direction for an area

58
Q

Pyroclastic flows:

A

Avalanches of hot volcanic debris

59
Q

Quality of Life:

A

The factors that affect a person’s general well being and happiness

60
Q

Seasonable employment:

A

Temporary employment for part of the year only

61
Q

Seismic Waves:

A

Vibration generated by an earthquake

62
Q

Shanty Towns/Slums/Favela:

A

Areas of housing that people build themselves from scrap material on the edges of cities, illegal and often in LEDCs

63
Q

Storm Surge:

A

Extreme storm waves created by strong winds and low pressure leading to higher sea levels and flooding

64
Q

Subsidies and Grants:

A

Money that a government can give or loan to a business

65
Q

Subsistence farming:

A

The most basic form of agriculture where the produce is consumed entirely or mainly by the family who work the land or tend the livestock. If a small surplus is produced it is sold off or traded

66
Q

Surface runoff:

A

Any water flowing over the surface of the Earth

67
Q

Swash:

A

The force of breaking waves moving up a beach

68
Q

Through Flow:

A

Movement of water underground through the soil

69
Q

Trade deficit:

A

When the cost of imports is greater than the money made from exports

70
Q

Trade Surplus:

A

When the money made from exports is greater than the costs of imports

71
Q

Transpiration:

A

Loss of moisture from plants

72
Q

Urbanisation:

A

The process through which an increasing percentage of the country’s population lives in urban areas compared to rural areas

73
Q

Urban regeneration:

A

Rebuilding an old part of the city to improve it

74
Q

Vertical Erosion:

A

Downward erosion of a river bed

75
Q

Water table:

A

The upper level of underground water

76
Q

Gentrification:

A

The buying and renovation of buildings in deteriorated urban areas, and marketing them towards young professionals

77
Q

Quota:

A

A limit on the quantity of goods that can be produced abroad and sold domestically

78
Q

Climate:

A

Average weather conditions recorded at a place over 30 years

79
Q

Anticyclone

A

Area of high pressure

80
Q

Depression:

A

Area of low pressure

81
Q

Weather:

A

Condition of the atmosphere at any given time

82
Q

National Parks:

A

Area set aside by the government to protect landscape and habitats, managed to stop visitor damage

83
Q

Arable Farms:

A

Farms that grow crops

84
Q

Pastoral Farms:

A

Farms that raise livestock. These can be sedentary or nomadic (stationary or moving from place to place)

85
Q

Hydraulic Action:

A

The force of water wears down the rock

86
Q

Abrasion:

A

Rocks carried by current wear down the banks/cliff face

87
Q

Attrition:

A

Rocks carried by the current smash together and break into smaller,smoother and rounder particles

88
Q

Solution:

A

Soluble particles are dissolved into the river

89
Q

Solution:

A

Minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along by the current

90
Q

Suspension:

A

Fine, light material is carried along by the current

91
Q

Saltation:

A

Small pebbles and stones bounced along the bed

92
Q

Traction:

A

Large boulders and rocks rolled along the bed

Geography GCSE (3 decks)

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