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AS Physics > Definitions 2 > Flashcards

Definitions 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Brittle materials

A

Materials which do not undergo plastic deformation. Force is proportional to extension until it breaks

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2
Q

Ductile materials

A

Materials which undergo plastic deformation after a considerable elastic deformation. Initially force is proportional to extension then a large extension for a small change in force

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3
Q

Elastic deformation

A

Object returns to its original length (zero extension) when load is removed

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4
Q

Force-extension graph

A

The area under such a graph is the work done in stretching the material; for the straight-line portion of the graph, it is a measure of the elastic potential energy stored by the material

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5
Q

Hooke’s law

A

Force/load is proportional to extension/compression if proportionality limit is not exceeded

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6
Q

Plastic deformation

A

Body does not return to its original shape/length when load is removed

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7
Q

Strain

A

Extension over original length (ratio); stress is the cause and strain is the effect

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8
Q

Stress

A

It is the force per uint cross-sectional area required to stretch a material

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9
Q

Ultimate tensile strength

A

The maximum value of stress that an object can sustain before it breaks

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10
Q

Ultimate tensile stress

A

The maximum value of stress that an object can sustain before it breaks

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11
Q

Young’s modulus

A

Ratio of stress to strain

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12
Q

Electric current

A

It is the amount of charge flowing pass a point per unit time or rate of flow of charged particles

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13
Q

Ohm’s law

A

The current through a metallic conductor is proportional to the P.D across it provided that its temperature remains constant

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14
Q

Potential difference

A

The energy converted from electrical to other forms of energy per unit charge that passes through it

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15
Q

Quantised

A

Charge only exists in discrete amounts of 1.6x10-19 C; charge on carriers is quantised

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16
Q

Resistance

A

The ratio of P.D over the current for an electrical component

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17
Q

Resistivity

A

The resistivity of a wire of a particular material is its resistance for unit length

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18
Q

Thermistor

A

A specific type of resistor, in which, as temperature increases, the magnitude of its resistance decreases and vice versa

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19
Q

E.M.F

A

The amount of energy converted into electrical energy per unit charge supplied

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20
Q

P.D

A

The amount of electrical energy converted into other forms of energy per unit charge supplied

21
Q

Internal resistance

A

The resistance inherent in a source/cell itself causing some energy to be transferred into other forms to reduce the available voltage for the rest of the circuit

22
Q

Kirchhoff’s 1st law

A

The sum of currents into a junction = sum of currents out of junction; from the conservation of charge

23
Q

Kirchhoff’s 2nd law

A

The sum of EMFs = sum of PDs around a closed loop/circuit; from the law of conservation of energy

24
Q

Potentiometer

A

A variable resistor connected as a potential divider to give a continuously variable output voltage

25
Q

Potential divider

A

Series circuits which produce an output voltage as a fraction of its input voltage

The ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage = the ratio of the output resistance over the total resistance

26
Q

Galvanometer

A

A component used to detect small changes in electric current; it is a sensitive ammeter

When the needle is not deflected, the current equals zero and the EMFs of the two sources is equal

27
Q

Kinetic energy of alpha particles

A

Alpha particles have discrete energies; this is due alpha decay only releases alpha particles and nothing else while decaying into a daughter nucleus

28
Q

Kinetic energy of beta particles

A

Beta particles have a continuous range of energies; this is as the energy released in beta decay is shared between the beta particles and neutrinos

29
Q

Unified atomic mass

A

1.66x10^-27 kg = the mass of one proton or neutron

30
Q

1 elementary charge of an electron or proton

A

+|- 1.6x10^-19 C

31
Q

One coulomb of charge

A

6.24x10^18 electrons or protons

32
Q

Mass and charge of an alpha particle

A

Mass in u = 4
Charge in e = +2

33
Q

Mass and charge of beta minus particle

A

Mass in u = 0.0005
Charge = -1e

34
Q

Mass and charge of beta plus particle

A

Mass in u = 0.0005
Charge = +1e

35
Q

Speed of a beta minus and beta plus particle

A

> 0.99c (3x10^8ms-1) - beta minus and plus particles have the same speed

36
Q

Speed of an alpha particle

A

0.05c

37
Q

Composition, mass and charge of gamma rays

A

Composition = electromagnetic waves
Charge and mass = 0

38
Q

How do you calculate the mass of an element in u?

A

It’s mass is equal to the sum of its protons and neutrons = nucleon number

39
Q

How were neutrinos discovered?

A

One if the first clues of the existence of neutrinos was the fact that beta particles have a continuous range of energies

40
Q

What happens to a nucleus during alpha decay?

A

Proton number decreases by 2
Nucleon number decreases by 4

41
Q

What happens to a nucleus in beta minus decay?

A

Proton number increases by 1
Nucleon number remains the same

42
Q

What happens to a nucleus in beta plus decay?

A

Proton number decreases by 1
Nucleon number remains the same

43
Q

Equation for the number of charge carriers

A

Q = ne
Q = total charge transferred
e = 1.6 x 10^-19 (the charge on one electron)

44
Q

Potential divider equation

A

V out / V in = R out / R in
Ratio of potential differences = ratio of resistances

45
Q

Potential divider equation

A

V out / V in = R out / R in
Ratio of potential differences = ratio of resistances

46
Q

Potentiometer formula

A

EMF 1 / L1 = EMF 2 / L2

47
Q

How to PD related to length?

A

PD is directly proportional to length

(PD is the output when connected as well potentiometer)

48
Q

How is resistance related to length?

A

Resistance is directly proportional to length

AS Physics (3 decks)

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