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sci reproduction and human developement > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A

all biological organisms are composed of cells

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2
Q

prokaryotic

A

organisms who’s cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

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3
Q

eukaryotic

A

organism whos cells contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

chloroplast

A

oval shaped structures in which the process of photosythesis takes place found in plants

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5
Q

cell wall

A

occurs only in plants and fungi. its a rigid frame like covering that surrounds the cell membrane and gives support and structure to the organism

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6
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell that directs all activities of the cell

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7
Q

vacuole

A

storage places for surplus food,transported, and processed within the cytoplasm

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8
Q

cell membrane

A

controls movement of materials in and out of the cell

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9
Q

mitochondria

A

energy producing organelles in the cell

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10
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

where materials are transported through the cell or to the outside of the cell

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11
Q

cell cycle

A

cells alternate between stages of dividing and not dividing

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12
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A

A fundamental concept in biology that states all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

The Cell Theory is a cornerstone of modern biology and helps to understand the structure and function of living organisms.

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13
Q

Define Prokaryotic.

A

Organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea.

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14
Q

Define Eukaryotic.

A

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

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15
Q

What is the function of Chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the Cell Wall?

A

Provides structure and protection for plant cells.

Composed primarily of cellulose.

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17
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

Contains the cell’s genetic material and controls cellular activities.

The nucleus is often referred to as the control center of the cell.

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18
Q

What is a Vacuole?

A

A storage organelle in cells, larger in plant cells.

Vacuoles store nutrients, waste products, and help maintain turgor pressure.

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19
Q

What is the role of the Cell Membrane?

A

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

The cell membrane is selectively permeable.

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20
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration.

Mitochondria have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism.

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21
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

An organelle involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

It exists in two forms: rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes).

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22
Q

What is the function of Centrioles?

A

Involved in cell division and the organization of the mitotic spindle.

Centrioles are found in animal cells.

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23
Q

What is a Plant Cell?

A

A eukaryotic cell that has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles.

Plant cells perform photosynthesis and have a fixed shape.

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24
Q

What is an Animal Cell?

A

A eukaryotic cell that lacks a cell wall and chloroplasts.

Animal cells are flexible and have various shapes.

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25
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

The series of phases that a cell goes through leading to its division and replication.

Includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

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26
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis is crucial for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

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27
Q

What are the stages of Interphase?

A

G1 (cell growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (preparation for mitosis).

Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle.

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28
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cytoplasm into two separate cells after mitosis.

In animal cells, this occurs through cleavage furrow formation.

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29
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

Structures made of DNA and proteins that contain genetic information.

Chromosomes are visible during cell division.

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30
Q

List the phases of Mitosis.

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase

These phases describe the process of nuclear division.

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31
Q

What occurs during Prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Spindle fibers begin to form during this phase.

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32
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plate.

This is the shortest phase of mitosis.

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33
Q

Describe Anaphase.

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Anaphase ensures each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

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34
Q

What occurs during Telophase?

A

Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes, which de-condense.

This phase precedes cytokinesis.

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35
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.

Meiosis includes two rounds of division: meiosis I and meiosis II.

36
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction?

A

A process that involves the combination of genetic material from two parents.

This leads to genetic diversity in offspring.

37
Q

Define Asexual Reproduction.

A

A form of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes.

Common methods include binary fission, budding, and fragmentation.

38
Q

What is Fertilization?

A

The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

This process initiates the development of a new organism.

39
Q

What is a Gamete?

A

A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that carries half the genetic information.

Gametes are haploid cells.

40
Q

Define Zygote.

A

A fertilized egg that results from the fusion of gametes.

The zygote undergoes division and develops into an embryo.

41
Q

What is an Embryo?

A

An early stage of development following the zygote stage.

The embryo develops into a fetus in animals.

42
Q

What is a Fetus?

A

The developing organism from the end of the embryonic stage until birth.

In humans, this stage occurs from the ninth week of pregnancy.

43
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.

DNA is structured as a double helix.

44
Q

Define Unicellular.

A

Organisms composed of a single cell.

Examples include bacteria and protozoa.

45
Q

Define Multicellular.

A

Organisms composed of multiple cells.

Examples include plants and animals.

46
Q

What is a Haploid cell?

A

A cell that contains one set of chromosomes (n).

Gametes are haploid cells.

47
Q

What is a Diploid cell?

A

A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Most somatic cells in animals are diploid.

48
Q

Define Pollination.

A

The transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive structures in plants.

Pollination can be cross or self-pollination.

49
Q

What is an Egg in biological terms?

A

The female gamete involved in reproduction.

Eggs are usually larger than sperm and contain nutrients for the developing embryo.

50
Q

What is Sperm?

A

The male gamete involved in reproduction.

Sperm are typically smaller and motile compared to eggs.

51
Q

What is Fragmentation?

A

A form of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing into a new individual.

Common in certain species of starfish and worms.

52
Q

Define Spore Production.

A

A form of asexual reproduction involving the production of spores that can develop into new individuals.

Fungi and some plants reproduce through spores.

53
Q

What is Budding?

A

A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth of the parent.

Common in yeast and hydra.

54
Q

What is Vegetative Reproduction?

A

A form of asexual reproduction in plants where new individuals arise from vegetative parts.

Examples include runners, tubers, and bulbs.

55
Q

What is Binary Fission?

A

A form of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells.

Common in prokaryotic organisms like bacteria.

56
Q

Define Parthenogenesis.

A

A form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into an individual without fertilization.

Observed in some insects, reptiles, and plants.

57
Q

What is Grafting?

A

A horticultural technique where tissues from one plant are inserted into another.

Grafting is used to propagate desired plant traits.

58
Q

What is Cancer?

A

A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

Cancer cells can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

59
Q

What is a Carcinogen?

A

A substance that can cause cancer in living tissue.

Examples include tobacco smoke and certain chemicals.

60
Q

What is a Tumour?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division.

Tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

61
Q

Define Clone.

A

An organism that is genetically identical to another organism.

Cloning can occur naturally or be induced artificially.

62
Q

What does Homozygous mean?

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Example: AA or aa.

63
Q

What does Heterozygous mean?

A

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

Example: Aa.

64
Q

Define Hybrid.

A

The offspring resulting from the cross of two different species or varieties.

Hybrids often exhibit traits from both parents.

65
Q

What is a Purebred?

A

An organism whose ancestors are genetically uniform for a particular trait.

Purebreds are often used in selective breeding.

66
Q

What are Punnett Squares used for?

A

To predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses.

Punnett Squares illustrate Mendelian inheritance.

67
Q

What is a Dominant Trait?

A

A trait that is expressed phenotypically in the presence of at least one dominant allele.

Dominant traits mask the effects of recessive traits.

68
Q

What is a Recessive Trait?

A

A trait that is only expressed phenotypically when two recessive alleles are present.

Recessive traits are masked by dominant traits.

69
Q

What are Sex Organs?

A

Organs involved in reproduction, such as testes and ovaries.

They produce gametes and hormones.

70
Q

What is a Hermaphrodite?

A

An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs.

Examples include earthworms and some plants.

71
Q

What is Contraception?

A

The prevention of pregnancy during or following sexual intercourse.

Methods include hormonal, barrier, and surgical techniques.

72
Q

What is Artificial Insemination?

A

A reproductive technology involving the introduction of sperm into a female’s reproductive tract.

Used in both human and animal breeding.

73
Q

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

A

A medical procedure where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body.

IVF is commonly used to assist individuals with fertility issues.

74
Q

What are Heritable Traits?

A

Traits that can be passed from parents to offspring through genes.

Examples include eye color and height.

75
Q

What are Non-Heritable traits?

A

Traits that cannot be passed to offspring through genes.

Examples include acquired characteristics like muscle mass from exercise.

76
Q

What is Heredity?

A

The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring.

Heredity is the foundation of genetics.

77
Q

What is a Trait (Alleles)?

A

A characteristic that is determined by genes, with alleles being different forms of a gene.

Traits can be influenced by environmental factors as well.

78
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.

Genes are the basic unit of heredity.

79
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by alleles.

Genotypes can be homozygous or heterozygous.

80
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism.

Phenotype is influenced by genotype and environmental factors.

81
Q

parts of cell theory

A

•made of one or more cells
•basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
•come from previously existing cells

82
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis- identical daughter cells
meiosis- genetically unique

83
Q

what phase of the cell cycle lasts the longest and identify what the cell is doing in that phase

A

interphase- cell growth and preparation for division by duplicating genetic material

84
Q

how does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation

A

offspring inherit one set of chromosomes from each parent

85
Q

advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction

A

ad- genetic variation,less disease
dis-energetically expensive

ad-population can increase, only needs one parent
dis-no variation,more prone to disease

86
Q

why is the microscope important for the advancement of biology

A

allows scientists to investigate cell structure, observe tiny details and learn abt the presence of microbes

87
Q

explain cloning and pros and cons

A

sci reproduction and human developement (1 decks)

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