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Pain > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

2020 definition of pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage

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2
Q

is pain always a personal experience?
by what is it influenced

A

yes
it is influenced to varying degrees by biological, psychological and social factors

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3
Q

Nociception

A

the neural process of encoding noxious stimuli

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4
Q

order of action of nociception

A
  1. nociceptor
  2. spinal cord (spinothalamic tract)
  3. thalamus
  4. somatosensory cortex
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5
Q

noxious stimulus

A

a stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues

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6
Q

does nociception equal pain?

A

no
nociception is neither sufficient nor necessary for pain

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7
Q

T/F: nociception is the output of the brain

A

false
pain is the output
nociception -> modulation -> pain

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8
Q

chronic pain

A

mainly characterized as pain that has persisted for more than 3 months, with the implication that typical tissue healing time has passed

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9
Q

BPS perspective 1 is

A

causation (multifactorial) perspective

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10
Q

BPS perspective 2 is

A

humanistic (person-centered) perspective

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11
Q

Peripheral sensitization

A
  1. increased responsiveness of nociceptors to stimulation of their respective fields
  2. increased size of nociceptors’ fields
  3. reduced threshold of nociceptors to stimulation of their receptive fields
  4. activation of silent nociceptors
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12
Q

where is the pain modulated?

A

PNS and CNS

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13
Q

in other words, central sensitization is an

A

amplification of neural signaling within the CNS that elicits pain hypersensitivity

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14
Q

central sensitization

A
  1. increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the CNS to their normal or subthreshold afferent input
  2. increased size of receptive fields for nociceptive spinal dorsal horn neurons
  3. reduced threshold of nociceptive spinal dorsal horn neurons to stimulation of their receptive fields
  4. temporal summation of pain = progressively increasing pain to the same stiimulus administered repetitively or over a long duration
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15
Q

hypoalgesia

A

diminished pain in response to a normally painful stimulus

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16
Q

hyperalgesia

A

increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

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17
Q

allodynia

A

pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain

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18
Q

pain threshold

A

the minimum intensity of a stimulus that is perceived as painful

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19
Q

evoked pain intensity

A

the intensity of pain evoked by a stimulus, measured numerically from 0-10

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20
Q

temporal summation

A

progressively increasing activity of the dorsal horn neurons in response to repetitive or sustained noxious stimuli

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21
Q

what is an important clue for central sensitization

A

temporal summation of pain

22
Q

pain tolerance

A

maximum intensity or duration of a pain-producing stimulus that a subject is willing to accept in a given situation

23
Q

pain behaviour

A

what a person does in reaction to pain (avoidance, withdrawal form painful stim, guarding, persistence, other coping, etc. ) or to express pain

24
Q

layers of clinical considerations for pain

A
25
Q

nociceptive pain

A

pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to non-neural tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors

26
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system

27
Q

nociplastic pain

A

pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors or evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system causing the pain

28
Q

OARS

A

open-ended questions
affirming
reflecting
summarizing

29
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

a trusting connection and rapport established between therapist and client through collaboration, communication, therapist empathy and mutual understanding and respect

30
Q

therapeutic communication

A

listening
pain validation
pain neuroscience education
familiar terms

31
Q

pain catastrophizing

A

an exaggerated threat appraisal of one’s pain

an exaggerated negative mental set brought to bear during actual or anticipated pain experience

32
Q

magnification

A

the tendency to exaggerate the threat value of the pain

33
Q

rumination

A

excessive focus/thinking about the pain

34
Q

helplessness

A

perceiving myself as unable to cope with the pain

35
Q

pain-related fear

A

usually refers to fear of the pain itself or fear of doing physical movement/ activity that could worsen the pain, injury, or cause re-injury

36
Q

difference between pain catastrophizing and pain related fear

A

pain catastrophizing is mainly conceptualized as a cognitive interpretation of pain as threatening whereas fear is mainly conceptualized as an emotional reaction that motivates protective behaviour (avoidance)

37
Q

active treatment

A

patient learns how to do the treatment from the therapist, and then applies it to themselves autonomously

38
Q

passive treatment

A

the therapist applies the treatment to the patient

39
Q

graded exposure to feared activities if

A

pain-related fear is elevated TSK

40
Q

benefits of pain neuroscience education

A

supporting pain management principles
can decrease the threat value of pain (pain catastrophizing) and can also have an effect on decreasing pain-related fear

41
Q

sleep deprivation

A

drowsiness
falling asleep very quickly
sleep hygiene tips can assist
make sleep a priority

42
Q

insomnia

A

being awake when you want to sleep
sleep hygiene tips might not be sufficient
cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is recommended

43
Q

insomnia definition

A

difficulties falling asleep and-or early awakenings without the possibility to go back to sleep

44
Q

sleep apnea

A

makes people stop breathing for short periods of time during sleep

45
Q

bruxism

A

grinding teeth during sleep

46
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

unpleasant sensations in the legs that appear at the end of the day and usually worsen in the evening

47
Q

periodic limb movement

A

stereotyped movement of the legs (ex every 10s) during sleep

48
Q

REM sleep behaviour disorder

A

the loss of muscle atonia during REM sleep
people start acting their dreams
can become violent during sleep, nightmares of being attacked, safety issues for partner

49
Q

trauma

A

experiences that cause intense physical and psychological stress reactions. it can refer to a single event, multiple events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or threatening and that has lasting adverse effects on the individual’s functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being.

50
Q

chronic effects of toxic stress

A

hypervigilance

51
Q

trauma informed care

A

Pain (2 decks)

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