Definitions Flashcards
What happened in 1066 in England?
–Norman invasion of England from 1066
–Brought Romance languages (Latin, (Normand) ‘French’, etc)
–Notice that Ireland, Scotland, Wales barely affected….at first.
What happened in 1492 in the Spanish regions?
- Control is regained of Granada, the last non-Christian territory
- The largest kingdoms, Castilla-León and Aragón, join to form the Kingdom of Spain
The language of the most powerful kingdom, Castilla-León, called Castilian, is also considered the Spanish language
What is are the territories of New Spain and when was it created?
- consisted of Mexico, much of Central America, parts of the West Indies, from California to Florida, and the Philippines.
- First and most important Viceroyalty created by Spain in 1521
- Second was Peru, conquered in 1542
What is the difference between language and dialect?
Language = different amongst each other, no mutual intelligibility. body of words and the systems we apply to those words, such as grammar and spelling, in order to communicate with each other. A language includes the spoken, written, and signed forms of the words and systems.
Dialect = similar, mutual intelligibility. A dialect often follows most of the rules of its respective language, but it may have different vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciations.
What is a koiné language?
standard or common dialect that has arisen as a result of the contact, mixing, and often simplification of two or more mutually intelligible varieties of the same language
What features happen in a koine language?
- leveling
- simplification
- reallocation
What is convergence?
When two people speak more similarly to one another to ‘make interaction work’
The default is that speakers converge to one another —> when speakers speak fairly differently from one another because they come from different places (speak different dialects), this can lead to a variety of consequence
What consequences does convergence most rarely (almost never) lead to?
One speaker learns to speak an entirely new second dialect (second dialect acquisition)
Mid-long term, one dialect is dominant:
* Incomplete Second Dialect Acquisition (complete accommodation is not desirable)
Mid-long term, no dialect is dominant
* People speak with a mix of features
* In a few generations, a new “koine” is eventually formed
Phenomena linked to long-term dialect contact, where a mix of two or more dialects are transported to a new location
- Leveling
- Simplification
- Interdialectal forms
- Reallocation
What is leveling?
An overall reduction in the variation or diversity of features, accompanied by an increase in the similarities between dialects
Example: Spanish in Latin America —> dialects brought to the Americas had many phonemes that no longer exist in LatAm Spanish —> distinction between “b” and “v”, “s” and “z”
What is simplification?
An overall loss in morphological complexity and irregularity, increase in syntactic rigidity and regularity
Example: Spanish in LatAm —> in varieties of Spanish in Spain – there are usually two second person plural pronouns and verb conjugations / During the colonization, there may have, at times, been more / Now there is only one
What is an Interdialectal form?
A fossilized (incomplete) form of accommodation, an intermediate form between forms of the original dialects appears
Example: Spanish in Argentina —> second person singular form “vos” survives, although it disappears in certain parts of Latin America, but the unique verb conjugations are largely gone
What is Reallocation?
Two or more variants survive and gain new linguistic or social functions
Example: Spanish in Chiapas, Mexico —> three second person singular pronouns are used “vos”, “tú”, and “usted”, each taking on different social functions
What principles apply in both koineization and second dialect acquisition?
- “simple” phonological rules (i.e. those with no exceptions) are learned quicker than hard ones (a new phoneme, or those with exceptions) —> Non-“simple” rules lost in koineization (distinction between ‘s’ and ‘z’)
- Learning words happens faster than learning phonological rules (pronunciation) —> Happens in both language and dialect contact is relatively easy
What is a borrowing?
speakers of one language (the “recipient” language) adopt into their own speech a novel linguistic feature that they were exposed to due to its presence in a different language (the “source” or “donor” language)
What is true of borrowings?
- They occur if at least some people in the community are bilingual in the language the borrowing comes from
Examples of English borrowings in Puerto Rican Spanish
- Look
- Pitcher
- Break
- Hater
- Gufear
- Jangear
- Está supuesto salir a las 5
- Voy a salvar los datos
Examples of Miami Spanish loan words from English
- Failear
- Afordear
- Lonchear
- Actualmente
- Cambiar de mente
- Trátame
Loan word integration
- Semantic integration/shift
- Phonological integration
- Grammatical integration
- [Orthographic integration]
Define language policy
a set of regulations and practices that help bring about the planned language change within a society or system. Rules and regulations governing the use of language or languages in a country
Explain language ideology
The set of attitudes (ideas, value judgments, emotions, etc.) that people have about language.
1. Linked to a larger sociopolitical context
2. Always multiple (Kroskrity)
3. Involve erasure (Gal and Irvine) —> not the only process, but the most important one that goes along with language ideology
a. Require us to ignore certain facts, emphasizing others
b. Neither false nor true
c. Some may have more empirical support than others
