Definitions

Question 1

Consensus perspective

Answer 1

Society broadly agrees on what is right and wrong.

Question 2

Conflict perspective

Answer 2

laws are made by those with power to protect their interests.

Question 3

constructionist perspective

Answer 3

Violence is a socially constructed phenomenon, shaped by individual decisions and actions.

Question 4

Criminal code

Answer 4

the legal perspective on what counts as violence

Question 5

Quantitative methods?

Answer 5

statistical analysis:
- official statistics
- victim surveys
- self-report surveys
- experiments
- coded data

Question 6

Qualitative methods?

Answer 6

focussed on narrative and in-depth understanding
- interviews
- narratives
- ethnographies
- documents

Question 7

data triangulation

Answer 7

using multiple sources of data to compensate for weaknesses in individual data sets. Strengthens validity and reliability.

Question 8

cognitive restructuring

Answer 8

changing how they think about the harmful behaviour

Question 9

minimizing personal responsibility

Answer 9

shifting blame or reducing their sense of agency

Question 10

dehumanization

Answer 10

viewing the victim as less human, making it easier to harm them.

Question 11

Opportunity theory

Answer 11

how certain environments increase the likelihood of violence

Question 12

Strain theory

Answer 12

how social and economic pressures might drive people to join gangs

Question 13

Neutralisation techniques

Answer 13

how individuals justify their participation in gang violence

Question 14

Social identity model

Answer 14

crowd behaviour is influenced by how different groups interact, not just by individual anti social behaviour.

Question 15

Flashpoint model

Answer 15

The Flashpoint Model explains how conflicts escalate from underlying tensions to open confrontation. A specific event (trigger) ignites these tensions, leading to reactions like protests or violence.

Question 16

Race

Answer 16

a contentious issue with different meanings. It is understood as both a social construct and a real concept with tangible consequences.

Question 17

Racialized

Answer 17

this refers to the process of assigning someone a racial identity, which has social consequences, often leading to discrimination.

Question 18

Migrant

Answer 18

A person residing in a country different from their nationality for more than one year, either voluntarily or involuntarily

Question 19

Racist violence

Answer 19

intentional harm or damage to someone based on their racial, ethnic, or cultural identity. Racist violence can involve both conscious racist intent and unconscious prejudice.

Question 20

Racism

Answer 20

A system of oppression based on ethnicity, culture, and color that serves the interest of dominant groups. Racism is seen as endemic in society, not limited to individual acts of cruelty but as part of broader social structures.

Question 21

Racism

Answer 21

A system of oppression based on ethnicity, culture, and color that serves the interest of dominant groups. Racism is seen as endemic in society, not limited to individual acts of cruelty but as part of broader social structures.

Question 22

Neoracism

Answer 22

Shifts from biological to cultural essentialism, where cultural differences are emphasized as the basis for exclusion or discrimination. This can take covert forms such as plausible deniability.

Question 23

hegemonic masculinity

Answer 23

the dominant form of masculinity in a given culture, often characterised by traits like toughness, control, and emotional suppression. It emphasizes aggression and dominance, especially over women.

Question 24

complicit masculinity

Answer 24

men who don’t fully embody hegemonic masculinity but still benefit from it

Question 25

marginal masculinity

Answer 25

typically associated with working class men, who may not fully fit into the norms of hegemonic masculinity due to economic status

Question 26

subordinated masculinity

Answer 26

often applied to gay men or men who are seen as ‘soft’, as they don’t fit into the traditional masculine ideals

Question 27

toxic masculinity

Answer 27

social attitudes promoting violent, unemotional, and sexually aggressive behaviours

Question 28

intersectionality

Answer 28

a theoretical framework that examines how multiple social identities (like gender, race, class, sexual orientation) intersect to shape individual experiences of privilege and discrimination.