Definitions Flashcards
Consensus perspective
Society broadly agrees on what is right and wrong.
Conflict perspective
laws are made by those with power to protect their interests.
constructionist perspective
Violence is a socially constructed phenomenon, shaped by individual decisions and actions.
Criminal code
the legal perspective on what counts as violence
Quantitative methods?
statistical analysis:
- official statistics
- victim surveys
- self-report surveys
- experiments
- coded data
Qualitative methods?
focussed on narrative and in-depth understanding
- interviews
- narratives
- ethnographies
- documents
data triangulation
using multiple sources of data to compensate for weaknesses in individual data sets. Strengthens validity and reliability.
cognitive restructuring
changing how they think about the harmful behaviour
minimizing personal responsibility
shifting blame or reducing their sense of agency
dehumanization
viewing the victim as less human, making it easier to harm them.
Opportunity theory
how certain environments increase the likelihood of violence
Strain theory
how social and economic pressures might drive people to join gangs
Neutralisation techniques
how individuals justify their participation in gang violence
Social identity model
crowd behaviour is influenced by how different groups interact, not just by individual anti social behaviour.
Flashpoint model
The Flashpoint Model explains how conflicts escalate from underlying tensions to open confrontation. A specific event (trigger) ignites these tensions, leading to reactions like protests or violence.
Race
a contentious issue with different meanings. It is understood as both a social construct and a real concept with tangible consequences.
Racialized
this refers to the process of assigning someone a racial identity, which has social consequences, often leading to discrimination.
Migrant
A person residing in a country different from their nationality for more than one year, either voluntarily or involuntarily
Racist violence
intentional harm or damage to someone based on their racial, ethnic, or cultural identity. Racist violence can involve both conscious racist intent and unconscious prejudice.
Racism
A system of oppression based on ethnicity, culture, and color that serves the interest of dominant groups. Racism is seen as endemic in society, not limited to individual acts of cruelty but as part of broader social structures.
Racism
A system of oppression based on ethnicity, culture, and color that serves the interest of dominant groups. Racism is seen as endemic in society, not limited to individual acts of cruelty but as part of broader social structures.
Neoracism
Shifts from biological to cultural essentialism, where cultural differences are emphasized as the basis for exclusion or discrimination. This can take covert forms such as plausible deniability.
hegemonic masculinity
the dominant form of masculinity in a given culture, often characterised by traits like toughness, control, and emotional suppression. It emphasizes aggression and dominance, especially over women.
complicit masculinity
men who don’t fully embody hegemonic masculinity but still benefit from it
marginal masculinity
typically associated with working class men, who may not fully fit into the norms of hegemonic masculinity due to economic status
subordinated masculinity
often applied to gay men or men who are seen as ‘soft’, as they don’t fit into the traditional masculine ideals
toxic masculinity
social attitudes promoting violent, unemotional, and sexually aggressive behaviours
intersectionality
a theoretical framework that examines how multiple social identities (like gender, race, class, sexual orientation) intersect to shape individual experiences of privilege and discrimination.
