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BIOA01: Module 1 Definitions > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Current species diversify from their ancestral species over time due to changes in the environment

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2
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the genetics of an organism, which can introduce genetic variants

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3
Q

Negative Selection

A

Natural selection which decreases the frequency of deleterious alleles

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4
Q

Niches

A

An environment in which species can inhabit and reproduce

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5
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Derived traits that are shared among a group of descendants are viewed as evidence of the evolution of the common ancestry of the group

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6
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

A form of sexual selection where an organism chooses its mate

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7
Q

Homeobox

A

A 180-nucleotide sequence that controls the expression of genes in the body

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8
Q

Molecular Clock

A

Determines when species diverge from each other, becoming genetically different while moving at a constant rate

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9
Q

Ancestral Traits

A

A trait that is present in the ancestor

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10
Q

Analogous Traits

A

Traits that display the same function of a trait but do not result from a common ancestor

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11
Q

Pseudogene

A

A section of DNA that cannot code for a protein

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12
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random changes in allele frequencies which can reduce genetic variation

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13
Q

Population

A

A group of species in an area that can produce fertile offspring

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14
Q

Positive Selection

A

Natural selection which increases the frequency of advantageous alleles

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15
Q

Polyploidy

A

Duplication of chromosomes which results in faster speciation events

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16
Q

Homeodomain

A

DNA binding domain in homeotic proteins which promotes or represses transcription during early embryonic development

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17
Q

Translocations

A

A part of a chromosome is exchanged between non-homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

Permineralization

A

A fossilization process where the organism is buried and filled with mineral-rich water, turning tissues into stone in exceptional detail

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19
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A structure used to determine the evolutionary relation between species

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20
Q

Relative Fitness

A

An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce, passing their traits throughout generations

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21
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

When an organism of one species lives inside an organism of another species

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22
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Two or more organisms who have evolved independently to do the same thing

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23
Q

Retrodiction

A

Processes that make sense in light of evolution but is not entirely predicted by evolution

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24
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process where living organisms adapt and change to their environment, passing down advantageous traits to their offspring

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25
Q

Founder Event

A

A process of genetic drift where individuals create a new population, passing on their traits throughout generations

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26
Q

Speciation

A

The process in which species diverge from their own, creating a new variation

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27
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

A group that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

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28
Q

Homoplasy

A

The result of convergent evolution

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29
Q

Genotype Frequency

A

The % of individuals in a population with a certain genotype which displays the distribution of allele combinations in a population (AA, aa)

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30
Q

Derived Traits

A

A trait that differs from the ancestral traits but is not displayed until later in development

31
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

A group that includes a common ancestor and some of its descendants

32
Q

Directional Selection

A

A form of selection which shifts the mean value of a trait in a population

33
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Prevents the cell from lysis in freshwater and expels water and salt from the cell

34
Q

Homeotic (Hox) Genes

A

A genetic tool-box which regulates the transcription of development genes

35
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

A form of selection which favours extreme phenotypes in a population

36
Q

Parsimony

A

The simplest visualization of a phylogenetic tree

37
Q

Adaptive Traits

A

Products of selection that increase relative fitness

38
Q

Pellicile

A

Made of fibre proteins located under the plasma membrane and provides structure for the organism

39
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Helps with ameboid movement, making it flexible and able to capture prey

40
Q

Biological Evolution

A

Changes in allele or genotype frequencies in a population over time

41
Q

Population Bottleneck

A

A process of genetic drift where a reduction in the population reduces the frequency of certain alleles, typically due to a catastrophic event

42
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A

A group that does not contain a common ancestor

43
Q

Evolutionary Development Biology

A

The evolution of development genes which regulate morphology

44
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Multiple unrelated traits expressed by a single gene

45
Q

Polytomy

A

Unresolved portion of a cladogram

46
Q

Reinforcement

A

When 2 populations of related species have diverged extensively or are distinct genetically, will produce offspring that will not develop or reproduce normally

47
Q

Sexual Selection

A

A form of natural selection which promotes traits to increase the reproductive success of an organism

48
Q

Quantitative

A

Measurable data

49
Q

Vicariance

A

A split in the lineage due to a geological event

50
Q

Selective Pressure

A

An evolutionary force that favours certain phenotypes under certain environmental conditions

51
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

A form of sexual selection where the same sex compete for access to the other sex

52
Q

Autoploidy

A

Duplication of chromosomes within species which causes errors during meiosis produces different species

53
Q

Deletion

A

A part of a chromosome is deleted

54
Q

Alloploidy

A

Duplication of chromosomes between species which causes a hybrid offspring to become fertile

55
Q

Qualitative

A

Immeasurable, descriptive data

56
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes within a species due to evolutionary forces

57
Q

Symbiosis

A

When 2 organisms live alongside each other

58
Q

Polymorphisms

A

Distinct variants of character

59
Q

Homologous Traits

A

Traits that have similar structures and embryonic formation which result from a common ancestor and are a product of divergent evolution

60
Q

Developmental Switches

A

Regulatory sites of transcription that switch on/off downstream genes

61
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

When a population is physically separated

62
Q

Prezygotic Isolation

A

Isolation that occurs before the fertilization of the zygote

63
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

When a population inhabits an environment alongside another population

64
Q

Duplications

A

A part of a chromosome is duplicated

65
Q

Phenotype Frequency

A

The % of the copies of a certain gene in a population with a specific allele which displays the distribution of genetic variation in a population (A or a)

66
Q

Artificial Selection

A

A force, typically driven by humans, in which they choose phenotypes depending on what they desire

67
Q

Postzygotic Isolation

A

Isolation that occurs prior to the fertilization of the zygote

68
Q

Macroevolution

A

Changes between species which can lead to speciation

69
Q

Dispersal

A

When populations separate, colonize a new area, inhabit it, and reproduce

70
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

A form of selection which maintains the traits in a population

71
Q

Gene Flow

A

The movement of alleles across populations which can increase genetic variation

72
Q

Outgroup

A

A lineage that is outside of the group being studied but is commonly related to the group

73
Q

Adaptation

A

Accumulation of adaptive traits over time

74
Q

Inversions

A

A part of a chromosome breaks and rearranges itself

BIOA01: Module 1 Definitions (1 decks)

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