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Gene Expression exam > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Anticodon

A

An anticodon is 3 bases on tRNA molecule that are complementary to the mRNA codon.

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2
Q

Codon

A

A codon is 3 consecutive bases on the mRNA strand that codes for an amino acid.

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3
Q

Deletion Mutation

A

A deletion mutation is a mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is deleted from the DNA sequence resulting in a frameshift.

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4
Q

DNA

A

DNA is a large molecule which is a double-stranded helix shape, where A joins with T and C joins with G.

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5
Q

Enzyme

A

An enzyme is a folded protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of a chemical in an organism/cell.

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6
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

After a mutation, all the triplets are incorrect as they are not ‘read’ in their correct threes.

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7
Q

Gene

A

A gene is a piece of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic.

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8
Q

Gene expression

A

Gene expression is the process where the instructions on our DNA are converted into a functional protein, this includes transcription, translation, and protein folding.

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9
Q

Genotype

A

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism for a feature

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10
Q

Insertion mutation

A

where a base is inserted into the DNA sequence resulting in a frameshift

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11
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

A metabolic pathway is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions, where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next.

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12
Q

Missense mutation

A

Missense mutations are changes of the base on the DNA which codes for a different amino acid. This may or may not alter the shape of the protein and therefore its function

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13
Q

mRNA

A

mRNA is the messenger RNA, which is made during transcription in the nucleus. This carries the instructions to the ribosome to make a polypeptide chain. contains codons.

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14
Q

Mutagen

A

An Environmental factor like radiation or chemical substance that causes the mutation.

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15
Q

Mutation

A

A mutation is a permanent change in the bases of the DNA, they are the ultimate source of variation because they can create new alleles.

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16
Q

Non-sense mutation

A

A non-sense mutation is a change of the base on the DNA which changes the instructions, so a STOP codon occurs in the wrong place. Protein is greatly affected

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17
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The bond joining amino acids to each other in a polypeptide chain during translation

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

The phenotype is the physical appearance of a feature

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19
Q

Point mutation

A

A point mutation is a change of only one or a few bases in the DNA

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20
Q

Protein

A

A molecule containing long strings of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

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21
Q

Redundancy

A

The fact that multiple codons code for the same amino acid - eg : CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG all code for the amino acid Pro

21
Q

RNA

A

RNA is short and single-stranded, where U bonds with A, and G bonds with C. There are 3 types of RNA tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA

22
Q

Silent Mutation

A

A silent mutation is a mutation that is neither favourable nor harmful, that remains in a population

23
Q

Start codon

A

A start codon is the start signal on the mRNA which initiates translation. This is always AUG

24
Q

Stop codon

A

These 3 codons on the mRNA (UAA, UAG,UGA) do not code for an amino acid therefore telling the ribosome where to stop translation

25
Q

Substitution mutation

A

A substitution mutation is a mutation where the base(s) on the DNA are swapped

26
Q

Transcription

A

making an mRNA copy of DNA with the help of enzymes including RNA polymerase

27
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is read by ribosome to produce a particular sequence of amino acids

28
Q

Triplet

A

A triplet is 3 consecutive bases on the DNA that code for an amino acid

29
Q

tRNA

A

tRNA is the transfer RNA. this carries an amino acid to the ribosome, 3 bases on the mRNA = an anticodon

30
Q

Allele

A

Alleles are alternative forms of genes

31
Q

Alpha Helix

A

A secondary structure in proteins where there is coiling of the polypeptide chain

32
Q

Amino Acid

A

Amino Acids are organic molecules that are the building blocks of proteins

33
Q

Beta pleated sheets

A

common in the secondary structure of proteins that is a twisted, pleated sheet of several stands.

34
Q

Chromatid

A

A chromatid is one-half of a replicated chromosome.

35
Q

Chromatin fibre

A

when DNA is being read for protein synthesis it exists as chromatin fiber not tightly wound in chromosomes

36
Q

Coding strand

A

The coding strand is the strand of DNA that is not used for transcription and is identical in sequence to mRNA, apart from the mRNA having U, not T.

37
Q

Deoxyribose

A

the sugar component in the side chains of DNA

38
Q

Double Helix

A

The twisted ladder shape of DNA with a phosphate sugar backbone.

39
Q

Nucleotide

A

The subunit of DNA, made of a sugar-phosphate and a nitrogenous base

40
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

A long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

41
Q

Purine

A

Double ring structure bases G & A

42
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Single ring structure bases C, U, & T

43
Q

Ribose

A

The suagr component in the single stands of RNA

44
Q

Ribosome

A

The site of protein synthesis. Made of rRNA

45
Q

Missense mutation

A

Different amino acid

46
Q

same sense mutation

A

same amino acid

47
Q

nonsense mutation

A

stop codon

48
Q

substrate

A

Molecule/substance that binds with an enzyme in a chemical reaction

49
Q

template strand

A

The strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guide to build complementary mRNA

50
Q

Uracil

A

A base found in RNA instead of thymine pairs with adenine

51
Q

Enzymes are a type of

A

protein

Gene Expression exam (7 decks)

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