Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Define the relative isotopic mass (2 marks)

A

Mass of an atom of that isotope
Relative to 1/12th mass of a C-12 atom

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2
Q

Define relative atomic mass (2 marks)

A

Mean mass of an atom
Relative to 1/12th mass of a C-12 atom

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3
Q

What is a covalent bond (2 marks)

A

electrostatic attraction between 2 nuclei
Between bonding pairs of electrons

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4
Q

Define periodicity in terms of atomic radius in P2 and P3 (3 marks)

A
  • pattern of repeating physical and chemical properties with increasing atomic number
  • atomic radii decreases across the period
  • trends repeated in Period 3
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5
Q

Define ionic bonds (2 marks)

A

(Strong) Electrostatic attraction
Between oppositely charged ions

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6
Q

Define ionic bonds (2 marks)

A

(Strong) Electrostatic attraction
Between oppositely charged ions

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7
Q

In the mass spectrum of silicon, there is also a small peak at m/z = 14. Deduce the formula of this particle.

A

28 Si2+

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8
Q

What is the definition of electronegativity? (2 marks)

A
  • Measure of an atom’s ability to attract a pair of e-s
  • in a covalent bond
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9
Q

Define an acid.

A

A proton donor

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10
Q

What is an activation energy?

A

Minimum energy required for collision to be successful in a reaction

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11
Q

What is a mole?

A

Amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12g of C12 isotope

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12
Q

Define autocatalysis

A

When a product of a reaction acts as a catalyst

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13
Q

What does Avogadro’s constant stand for

A

The number of 12C atoms in exactly 12g of 12C

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14
Q

Define a base

A

Proton acceptor

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15
Q

Define chiral molecules.

A

Molecules that contain a carbon atom attached to four different groups

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16
Q

Define a dimer

A

Molecule consists of 2 monomers to form a stable structure

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17
Q

Define electronegativity.

A

Ability for electron to attract bonding pairs of electrons-s in a covalent bond

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18
Q

Define an electrophile.

A

A species attracted to a region of high electron density
(Lone pair acceptor)

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19
Q

Define enthalpy change.

A

Heat energy change at constant pressure of 100kPa

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20
Q

Define entropy

A

Measure of disorder

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21
Q

Define first electron affinity.

A

Enthalpy released when 1 mole of electrons is gained by 1 mole of gaseous atoms forming 1 mole of 1- gaseous ions

22
Q

Define first ionisation energy.

A

Energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of 1+ ions under standard conditions

23
Q

Define free radical

A

An atom having 1 unpaired electron

24
Q

Define half equivalence point

A

The point which half the acid has been neutralised by the base or vice versa

25
Q

Define half life

A

Time taken for the concentration of a reactant to decrease by half

26
Q

Define Hess’s law

A

Enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken

27
Q

Define heterolytic fission

A

Breaking of a covalent bond to form 2 different species

28
Q

Define homolytic fission

A

Breaking of a covalent bond to form 2 identical species

29
Q

What are the colours of methyl orange in each condition?

A

Acid - red
Neutral - orange
Alkaline - yellow

30
Q

What are the colours of litmus in acidic and alkali conditions?

A

Acid - red
Alkali - blue

31
Q

What are the colours of phenolphthalein in acidic and alkali conditions?

A

Acidic - colourless
Neutral - colourless
Alkaline - pink

32
Q

Define ionic bond.

A

Electrostatic force of attraction between metal and non metal ions

33
Q

Define isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

34
Q

Define isoelectric

A

Atoms, ions and molecules having the same number of electronic configuration

35
Q

Define lattice enthalpy.

A

Energy released when 1 mole of ionic lattice is formed from its constituent gaseous ions under standard conditions

36
Q

Define a ligand

A

Molecules that form dative covalent bonds/ coordinate bonds with a central (transition) metal ion

37
Q

Define London forces.

A

The random, instantaneous movement of electrons in a molecule that causes an instantaneous and even distribution of electron density which uses a dipole and neighbouring molecules which then attract

38
Q

Define mean bond enthalpy

A

Average enthalpy change when 1mole of covalent bond is broken from a range of compounds in the gas phase under standard conditions

39
Q

Define monoprotic acid

A

An acid that releases 1 proton in aqueous solution

40
Q

Define nucleophile

A

A species attracted to low electron density
Can donate lone pair of electrons to form covalent bond with an electron deficient atom (electrophile)

41
Q

Define racemic mixture

A

A 50/50 mixture of 2 enantiomers

42
Q

Define reforming

A

Using heat and pressure to convert unbranded fractions into branched molecules

43
Q

Define standard electrode potential

A

EMF of electrochemical cellcomprised of half cell combined with a standard hydrogen electrode at 1atm, 1 Moldovan-3, 298K

44
Q

Define standard enthalpy change of atomisation

A

Enthalpy required to make 1 mole of gaseous atoms from an element in its standard state under standard conditions

45
Q

Define standard enthalpy change for combustion

A

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of substance is completely combusted under standard conditions

46
Q

Define Standard enthalpy change of formation

A

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements, with all elements in their standard states, under standard conditions

47
Q

Define standard enthalpy change of hydration

A

Enthalpy released when 1 mole of gaseous ions is completely dissolved in an infinite volume of water

48
Q

Define standard enthalpy of neutralisation

A

enthalpy change when 1 mole of water is formed from an acid-base reaction under standard conditions.

49
Q

Define standard enthalpy of solution

A

enthalpy change when 1 mol of solid ionic compound completely dissolved in an infinite volume of water.

50
Q

Define transition metals

A

d-block elements that form 1 or more stable ions which have incomplete d-subshells.