Definitions Flashcards
Freedom
Human potential, the capacity/power to act
Action is the realization of that power
When one uses their freedoms they can create change/intervention
Agency
Ability to foresee the consequence of an action and be held accountable for those consequences (non agents are children, mental incapacity, disabilities etc.)
Naturalism is belief that
Freedom is an illusion
Decisions are natural choices based on our genetic makeup and in alignment with hox genes
Throughput Model
As much product in as short of time in as little cost as possible
Started up consumerism
A. Comte
Father of sociology as a science
A. Comte beliefs
Society = more powerful than the individual
Most important institution was family
Sociologists could improve society
Influenced by the French Revolution
Maxisms
(Kant): principles that are objective and indefinite
Never act in such a way that you would not want to become universal law
Treat others always as an end and never as a means (except for services as there is a mutual intention)
Kant’s beliefs
The only pure good human thing is intention
Our actions are slightly less pure than our intentions
Intention is not pure if we do not act on our good intentions
We must be good outside of out comfort zone to be good people (not exercise moral laziness)
If we can conceive something, it must exist somewhere (God)
Meritocracy
Belief that people receive what they put in
Theory opposed in modern day i.e the study of black vs white students
W. Wundt
First laboratory→ started the field of senses and psychology
Metronome test
Operant Conditioning
Belief that rewards are a better teaching strategy than punishment
Belief that negative reinforcement→ obedience/compliant (not learning)
Effects of the Big Id
Careless
Arrogant
Spoiled
Hurtful to others
Could cause ego break (less likely)
Effects of the Big Superego
Insecure
Rule-follower
Self-harm
Vulnerable
Could cause ego break (act the opposite)
Psychosexual Stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
Inuit in Greenland
Believed there was originally no light and death, so light was exchanged for morality
Kant’s Ethics
God: we cannot achieve supreme good without God (perfection)
Freedom: we have to do what we can do, to have duty we must have a choice
Immortality: there is a life beyond where we can achieve supreme good
The Great Hare (Algonquin legend)
Gave men and women a forbidden package of eternal life, someone opened the package and eternal life escaped
Perception
The way we view things based on our biases and lived experiences
Not an excuse for moral relativism
Sociologists
Study how groups affect the behavior and thinking of its members
Look for patterns, consequences and long-term changes in society as a result of institutions
Durkheim
Beliefs:
Humans are naturally selfish/violent
Society was needed by people
Institutions ( esp. religion & governments) preserve order
He was cynical!
B.F. Skinner
Educational psychologist
Pigeon bowling
tested positive/negative/neutral reinforcement
proved positive reinforcement = fastest/most efficient/developed internal motivation
Influenced teaching methods
Theorized diagram:
The messages received about Id & superego form our subconscious
Ego→ sense of self, does not change, balances Id & Superego
Id→ personal needs
Superego→ needs of others
Perfect balance= pokemon ball
Darwin
Evolution, natural selection
Social Darwinism
Those who deserve to survive will
Related to meritocracy/social oppression
Psychosexual stages
Oral, mouth, comfort, oral fixation
Anal, bowels/bladder, control, anal expulsive (out of control) / anal retentive (controlling)
Phallic, genitals, Independence, castration anxiety / penis envy
Latent, platonic touch, interdependence, struggle with romantic relationships
Genital, intercourse, reciprocity
Mead
Cultural Anthropologist
Early theories was that the way boys and girls behave and think is determined by the role of their culture expects of their sex
Established anthropology as a scientific discipline
Believed anthropologists must be immersed in a culture for an extended period of time to analyze the culture accurately
MBTI (info)
Environmental factors create a preference/trait
Subconsciously judge others of the opposite trait
Believed we need to acknowledge our shadow, not just our preference
We have all aspects of the personalities
Extroverted vs Introverted
(E vs I)
How we get our energy
Sensing vs Intuitive
(S vs N)
How we get information
Thinking vs Feeling
(T vs F)
How we perceive information
Judging vs Perception
(J vs P)
How we act to the information
Dignified
Viewed as prestigious/honourable but in reality is being worthy of respect
Love
A choice, independent of feeling
Tested by if we uphold our principles towards the people we don’t like/when we don’t feel like it
Human Dignity
Who we are independent of how we behave
Catholic view: we are made in the likeness of God so we all deserve a basic level of respect
I.e Preferential option for the poor (social, wealth, health, spirit)(vulnerable)
Morals
Actions that reflect our ethics/the ways to attain goodness
Ethics
Our beliefs of right and wrong/what good people do
Aristotle Polis
Democratic idea that we have a right/responsibility to our community
Teleology
To act ethically is to engage our capacity to reason as we develop good character (reason and knowledge)
Doctrine of the Mean
Belief that the good lies in the middle ground (between pleasure and happiness)
K. Marx belief’s
The minority of wealthy people impose their power/oppression on the majority
The wealthy control institutions to their benefit
Against religion (taught poor to stay poor)
Pyramid diagram → believed the lower class would overthrow the top cyclically
Ego
Our sense of self, keeps our superego balanced
God (Kant)
We cannot achieve supreme good without God (perfection)
Freedom (Kant)
We have to do what we can do, to have duty we must have a choice
Immorality (Kant)
There is a life beyond where we can achieve supreme good
Teleological
Aristotle’s ethics→ setting a goal of being happy then planning how to get there
Deontological
Kant’s ethics→ we have duties and obligations in our roles as people that we must withhold to a slightly uncomfortable degree
Agent
A person who acts freely and knowingly, who chooses to do or not do something and who is accountable.
Reappropriation
A marginalized group who has been a victim of a term readopts the word for themselves to rob it of its power. (Includes non-verbal communication)
