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A2 physics > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

radian

A

angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length equal to the radius of the cirlce

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2
Q

angular displacement

A

the angle swept at the centre of the circle by an object moving in a cirlce

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3
Q

angular speed

A

the rate of change of angular displacement

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4
Q

centripetal force

A

resultant force on an object towards the centre of the circle when the object is rotating round that circle at a constant speedne

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5
Q

what is newtons 2nd law motions

A

the resultant force of a body is proportional to the rate of change of momentum

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6
Q

critical speed (motion in a cirlce)

A

the minimum speed at which the string remains taught

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7
Q

gravitational field

A

force per unit mass

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8
Q

Newton’s law of gravitation

A

Any two point masses attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

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9
Q

Gravitational field strength, g,

A

the gravitational force exerted per unit mass on an object placed at that point

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10
Q

gravitational potential

A

the work done per unit mass in bringing a point mass from infinity

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11
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

work done per unit mass in bring a point mass from infinity to a point

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12
Q

why is Gravitational Potential always negative

A

at infinity it is zero, and work is done on a mass to move it away from another mass

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13
Q

oscillation

A

a back and forth movement from an equilibrium position

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14
Q

frequency

A

the number oscillations per second

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15
Q

angular frequency

A

rate of change of angular displacement

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16
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

A

a type of oscillation in which the acceleration fo a body is directly proportional to its displacement but acts in the opposite direction

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17
Q

dampening

A

an oscillation in which resistive forces cause the energy of the system to be transferred to the surroundings as internal energy

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18
Q

Resonance

A

when the frequency of the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the oscillating system. system absorbs the maximum energy and has maximum amplitude

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19
Q

Critical dampening

A

the minimum dampening that causes the oscillating system to return to its equilibrium position in the minimum time without oscillating

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20
Q

electric field

A

force per unit positive charge

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21
Q

electric field strength

A

force experienced per unit charge

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22
Q

direction of an electric field

A

the direction of an isolated free positive charge in the field

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23
Q

Coulombs law

A

The electrostatic force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the separation

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24
Q

Electric potential

A

Work done per unit positive charge in bring a small test charge from infinity to a defined point

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25
Q

potential gradient

A

the rate of change of electric potential with respect to displacement in the direction of the field

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26
Q

Electric potential energy

A

the work done in bringing a charge from infinty to that point

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27
Q

magnetic field

A

region where a force acts on a magnetic material

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28
Q

magnetic flux density

A

force acting per unit current per unit length on a current carrying conductor

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29
Q

hall effect

A

the process through which a p.d is produced across a conductor when an external magnetic field is applied to the current through the conductor

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30
Q

velocity selector

A

a device consisting of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields where charged particles with a specific velocity can be filtered

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31
Q

magnetic flux

A

product of magnetic flux density and the cross sectional area perpendicular to the direction of flux density

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32
Q

Magnetic flux linkage

A

the product of the magnetic flux and the number of turns in a coil

33
Q

electromagnetic induction

A

the process of inducing an E.M.F when magnetic field lines are cut

34
Q

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

A

The magnitude of the induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of magnetic flux linkage

35
Q

Len’z law

A

the direction of the induced emf is such as to oppose the change producing it

36
Q

Photon

A

massless quantum of electromagnetic energy

37
Q

electronvolt

A

energy gained by an electron travelling through a potential difference

38
Q

work function

A

the minimum energy required for photoelectrons to be emitted from the surface of the metal

39
Q

intensity (quantum physics)

A

The number of photons striking the metal surface per second

40
Q

photocurrent

A

The number of photoelectrons emitted per second

41
Q

de broglie wavelength

A

Wavelength associated with particles

42
Q

ionisation

A

when an electron gains enough energy to be removed from the atom entirely

43
Q

ultrasound

A

a high frequency sound above the range of human hearing

44
Q

specific acoustic impedance

A

the product of the speed of the ultrasound in a medium and the density of the medium

45
Q

intensity reflection coefficient

A

the ratio of the intensity of the reflected wave relative to the incident wave

46
Q

Attenuation of ultrasound matter

A

the reduction of energy due to the absorption of ultrasound as it travels through a materialo

47
Q

contrast

A

the difference in the degree of blackening between structure

48
Q

sharpness

A

how well defined the edged of structures are

49
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

a medical procedure that images tissues and organs by measuring the metabolic activity of the cells of the body

50
Q

Annihiliation

A

when a particle meets its equivalent antiparticle they are both destroyed and their mass is converted into energy

51
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

when there is no net transfer of heat

52
Q

heat

A

A form of energy that is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature

53
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of heat required to change a unit mass of the body by 1 degree Celsius

54
Q

Specific latent heat

A

the amount of energy required to change the state of a unit mass without changing the temperature

55
Q

avogrados law

A

equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules

56
Q

internal energy

A

the sum total of a random distribution of all molecules potential and kinetic energies

57
Q

ideal gas

A

gas that obeys pv proportional to T, where T is thermodynamic temperature

58
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

U=q+w the increase in internal energy of a body is equal to the thermal energy transferred to it by heating plus the mechanical work done on it

59
Q

root mean square value (rms)

A

the value of steady d.c that produces the same heating effect in the same resistor

60
Q

rectification

A

the process of converting an alternating voltage into direct voltage

61
Q

smoothing

A

the process of reducing the variation in the rectified voltage

62
Q

decay constant

A

the probability that an individual nucleus will decay per unit of time

63
Q

activity (Bq)

A

the rate of decay of nuclei of a radioactive source

64
Q

half-life

A

the time taken for a radioactive nuclide to decay to half its original value

65
Q

radioactive decay

A

the spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus to form a more stable nucleus, resulting in the emission of an alpha, beta or gamma particle

66
Q

mass defect

A

the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of the individuals masses of it protons and neutrons is

67
Q

binding energy

A

the minimum amount of energy required to break a nucleus into its protons and neutron to infinity

68
Q

binding energy of a nucleon

A

the binding energy of a nucleus divided by the number of nucleons in the nucleus

69
Q

nuclear fusion

A

the fusing together of two small nuclei to produce a larger nucleus

70
Q

nuclear fission

A

the splitting of large atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei

71
Q

redshift

A

the fractional increase in wavelength due to the source and observer receding from each other

72
Q

Hubble’s law

A

the recession speed of galaxies moving away from earth is proportional to their distance from the earth

73
Q

wien’s displacement law

A

the black body radiation curve for different temperatures peaks at a wavelength which is inversely proportional to the temperature

74
Q

A black body

A

an object in which absorbs all the radiation that falls on it, and is also a good emitte

75
Q

stefan boltzman law

A

the total energy emitted by a black body per unit are per second is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the body

76
Q

luminosity

A

the total power output of radiation emitted by a star

77
Q

Radiant flux intensity

A

the radiant power transmitted normally through a surface per unit area

78
Q

standard candle

A

as astronomical object which has a known luminosity due to a characteristic quality possessed by that class of object

79
Q
A

A2 physics (5 decks)

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