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MGD > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

0
Q

Amino acids (aa) are…

A

The building blocks of proteins. They are composed of a central C atom attached to 4 other chemical groups - amine group, carboxyl group, H atom and a variable group

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1
Q

Alpha helix is…

A

A type regular protein secondary structure. Right handed helices have 3.6 residues per turn and 0.54 nm pitches

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2
Q

Amphipathic means…

A

A molecule that has both a polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar region (hydrophobic)

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3
Q

Beta pleated sheets are…

A

Regular proteins with a secondary structure where the polypeptide chains are in an extended conformation

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4
Q

Denaturation is…

A

Disruption of the normal folded conformation of a protein to produce an unfolded polypeptide chain

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5
Q

Domain

A

A region of a protein that folds into a distinct globular unit. Will often have a specific functional role within the protein

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6
Q

Disulphide bond

A

Covalent bond formed between two S atoms of cysteine residues in a protein

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7
Q

Fibrous proteins are…

A

An insoluble class of proteins with an elongated structure containing repeating elements

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8
Q

Globular proteins are…

A

Water soluble proteins with a compact, highly folded structure

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9
Q

A hydrogen bond is…

A

A weak electrostatic interaction between a H atom bound to an electronegative atom (N,O) and another electronegative atom

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10
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar molecule that is able to interact with water molecules

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11
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Non-polar molecules which cannot interact with water molecules

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12
Q

Isoelectric point

A

pH at which a protein has no overall net charge

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13
Q

Peptide bond

A

Type of covalent bond which joins aa in proteins. Forms between the carboxyl group of one aa and the aa of the amino group of the second.

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14
Q

Protein

A

Polymer composed of aa joined together by peptide bonds

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15
Q

P50

A

Partial pressure of oxygen giving 50% saturation

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16
Q

Thalassaemia

A

Group of genetic disorders where there is an imbalance between the number of alpha and beta globin chains

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17
Q

Active sites

A

Place where a substrate binds on an enzyme - site of the chemical reaction

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18
Q

Km

A

Substrate concentration that gives half of the maximal velocity

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19
Q

Vmax

A

Maximal rate when all enzymes active sites are saturated with substrate

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20
Q

Enzyme inhibitors

A

Molecules that slow down or prevent enzyme reactions (can be competitive and non-competitive)

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21
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Decreases activity of enzyme - curve will shift to the right

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22
Q

Allosteric activator

A

Increases activity of enzyme - curve will shift to the left

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23
Q

Isoenzymes

A

Different forms of the same enzyme that have different kinetic properties

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24
Q

Product inhibition

A

Accumulation of the product of a reaction inhibits the forward reaction

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25
Q

Zymogens

A

Inactive protein precursors

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26
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

End product of a pathway inhibits its own rate of synthesis by inhibiting enzymes earlier in the pathway e.g. increased ATP levels inhibit the catabolic pathway

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27
Q

Feedforward activation

A

Increased amounts if initial substance increases the first step in the pathway

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28
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly coiled chromosomal material that stains deeply during interphase and is believed to be genetically inactive. Contains genes in their solenoid form therefore they cannot be expressed

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29
Q

Counter regulation

A

If a catabolic pathway producing A is activated then the opposing anabolic pathway will be inactivated e.g. glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

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30
Q

Euchromatin

A

Chromosomal material that’s genetically active and stains

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31
Q

Open reading frame

A

Area of a gene that holds the code for all aa residues of the gene product (protein)

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32
Q

Constitutive secretion

A

Protein secretion that is continuous and not regulated

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33
Q

Preprotein

A

Protein containing both a signal peptide and a propeptide

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34
Q

Proprotein

A

Inactive precursor of a protein. To become fully active the protein must undergo limited proteolysis to remove the peptide

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35
Q

Regulated secretion

A

Type of protein secretion where proteins are released in response to a stimulus

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36
Q

Protein targeting

A

Mechanisms involved in directing proteins to their correct site of action inside (or outside) of the cell

37
Q

Scurvy

A

Disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Results in inadequate formation of hydroxyproline residues, reducing stability of collagen

38
Q

Signal peptidase

A

Enzyme that removes signal peptide from secretory proteins after entry into the endoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

Signal peptide

A

Short N-terminal peptide sequence that directs a newly formed secretory or membrane protein into the endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

Tropocollagen

A

Collagen triple helices formed extracellularly where N- and C- terminal regions have been removed

41
Q

Antibody

A

Protein which is produced by the body in response to a foreign compound (antigen). Antibodies can be used diagnostically to detect specific proteins

42
Q

Cloning

A

Production of exact copies of DNA

43
Q

Cloning vector

A

DNA molecule such as a plasmid, virus or artificial chromosome into which a piece of foreign DNA can be added for cloning

44
Q

Enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA)

A

A technique using an antibody linked to an enzyme used to quantify the amount of a molecule. Used in diagnostic tests to measure concentration of biological molecules in solution

45
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Separates macromolecules on the basis of size/charge. Molecules are separated in a gel and migrate due to presence of an electric charge placed across the gel.

46
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Small fragments of DNA are amplified using a DNA template. Amount of template needed is minute; amount of amplified DNA end product is enormous

47
Q

Primer

A

Short oligonucleotide (between 10-25 nucleotides) that can be extended by DNA polymerase at the 3’ end

48
Q

Restriction endonuclease

A

Enzyme that recognises and cuts double stranded DNA at a specific sequence

49
Q

Restriction site

A

Sequence of DNA that can be recognised by a restriction endonuclease. Enzyme can then specifically cut the double stranded DNA molecule within the recognition sequence

50
Q

SDS-PAGE

A

Gel electrophoresis of proteins in the presence of the detergent SDS. Proteins are separated on basis of their size

51
Q

Western blotting

A

Technique where a protein separated by electrophoresis is transferred to membrane filter and is detected by the binding of an antibody directed against it

52
Q

Primary structure

A

Linear aa sequence of the polypeptide chain

53
Q

Secondary structure

A

Local spatial arrangement of the polypeptide backbone

54
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D arrangement of all atoms in a polypeptide

55
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Arrangement of multi-subunit proteins

56
Q

Positive co operativity

A

Binding of substrate to one active site enhances substrate binding to the other active sites by non-covalent interactions

57
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity; length of DNA on a chromosome that contains the code for a protein

58
Q

Allele

A

Alternative form of a gene; each individual has two alleles for every genes

59
Q

Dominance

A

Phenotypic trait is dominant when it occurs in both homozygotes and heterozygotes

60
Q

Recessive

A

Only occurs in homozygotes

61
Q

Co-dominance

A

Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of heterozygotes e.g. blood type AB

62
Q

Complementation

A

More than one gene is responsible for phenotype therefore a child of two affected people can be unaffected e.g. albinism

63
Q

Independent assortment

A

Two genes of different chromosomes

65
Q

Linkage

A

Genes of different chromosomes show independent assortment during meiosis

66
Q

Endonuclease

A

Breaks within the polynucleotide

67
Q

Exonuclease

A

Degrades polynucleotide from 5’ or 3’

68
Q

Capping

A

Addition of a methyl-guanine with a 5’-5’ triphosphate linkage

69
Q

Polyadenylation

A

Addition of a series of adenines to the end of mRNA (tailing)

70
Q

Splicing

A

Removes introns using endonucleases and exonucleases.

71
Q

Constitutive secretion

A

Non-stop secretion by exocytosis e.g. serum albumin, collagen

72
Q

Regulated secretion

A

Specialised process whereby contents of the secretory granules are exocytosed only when a signal is received e.g. insulin, adrenaline

73
Q

Karyotype

A

Number and visual appearance of chromosomes in the cell nuclei

74
Q

Chromosome painting

A

Use of fluorescent tagged chromosome-specific DNA sequences to visualise specific chromosomes in situ by DNA hybridisation and fluorescence microscopy.

75
Q

Transition mutation

A

Purine –> purine or pyrimidine –> pyrimidine

76
Q

Transversion mutation

A

Purine –> pyrimidine or pyrimidine –> purine

77
Q

Insertion mutation

A

A sequence is added from the nucleic acid - can be a single nucleotide, a few or millions (tandem duplications)

78
Q

Deletion mutation

A

A sequence is removed from the nucleic acid - can be a single nucleotide, a few or millions

79
Q

Mutation

A

Change in nucleic acid sequence

80
Q

Wild-type

A

Individual within a population displaying a wild-type trait, which is the trait most common in that population

81
Q

Mutant phenotype

A

Phenotype that differs from the common or wild type phenotype in that population

82
Q

Mutant allele

A

An allele that differs from the common allele in the population

83
Q

Germline mutations

A

A mutation which has the possibility of being passed on to offspring

84
Q

Polyploidy

A

Multiple of haploid chromosome number but greater than diploid number

85
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number of chromosome but not a multiple of haploid number

86
Q

Monosomy

A

Loss of on chromosome i.e. one chromosome pair exists as a single chromosome

87
Q

Trisomy

A

Gain of a chromosome i.e. one chromosome pair exists as a triplet

88
Q

Inversion

A

No loss of genetic material, but a rearrangement of it

89
Q

Ring chromosome

A

Loss of telomeres or ends of both arms and formation of a ring

90
Q

Isochromosome

A

Creation of two non identical chromosomes, one is a combination of the two short arms, the other is a combination of the two long arms

91
Q

Reciprocal translation

A

No loss of genetic material, but an exchange of genetic material between two non-homologous chromosomes

92
Q

Robertsonian translocation

A

Rearrangement of genetic material between two chromosomes; the q-arms of two acrocentric chromosomes combine to form one super-chromosome with the loss of both p-arms

MGD (11 decks)

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