definitions

Question 1

WHAT IS THE GRAMMAR/SYNTAX¿

Answer 1

Grammar (syntax) refers to the set of rules which allow us to create well-formed sentences. It concentrates on the structure and ordering of components within a sentence.

Question 2

AGREEMENT DEFINITION AND ITS CATEGORIES

Answer 2

Agreement is traditional grammatical analysis including some categories which describe language structure:
1) NUMBER that is, whether the noun is singular or plural
2) PERSON which covers the distinctions of first, second and third person
3) TENSE which describe the form of the verb
4) GENDER which helps us to describe the agreement between pronouns

Question 3

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRESCRIPTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH¿

Answer 3

Descriptive approach describes how language functions in reality (used naturally by speakers), while prescriptive approach prescribes rules for how language should be ideally used.

Question 4

WHAT IS GENERATIVE GRAMMAR¿

Answer 4

Generative grammar is finite set of rules that will be capable of producing an infinite number of well-formed structures

Question 5

RECURSIVE RULES

Answer 5

Recursive rules (repeatable any number of times) have the capacity to be applied more than once in a generating a structure. We can repeat the same type of phrases (using different words) for as long as the sentence still makes sense or put sentences inside the other sentences e.g. [Cathy knew that(Mary helped George)]

Question 6

WHAT THIS SIGN MEANS *

Answer 6

UNGRAMMATICAL SENTENCE

Question 7

WHAT THIS SIGN MEANS ———>

Answer 7

CONSISTS OF/REWRITES AS

Question 8

WHAT THIS SIGN MEANS ( )

Answer 8

OPTIONAL CONSTITUENT

Question 9

WHAT THIS SIGN MEANS { }

Answer 9

ONE AND ONLY ONE OF THESE CONSTITUENTS MUST BE SELECTED

Question 10

AUXILIARY VERBS (Aux)

Answer 10

HELPING VERBS {can, could, should, will, would}

Question 11

DEFINITION OF MOVEMENT RULES

Answer 11

Movement rules describe the process of moving one part of the structure to a different position

Question 12

DEFINITION OF PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES

Answer 12

Phrase structure rules (generate structures) state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order

Question 13

LEXICAL RULES

Answer 13

Lexical rules specify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents such as N——> {girl,boy,dog}

Question 14

WHAT IS SEMANTICS

Answer 14

Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In linguistic semantics we’re more concerned with trying to analyze conceptual meaning than associative meaning.

Question 15

AGENT

Answer 15

the entity that performs the action

Question 16

THEME

Answer 16

the entity that is involved or affected by the action

Question 17

INSTRUMENT

Answer 17

if an agent uses another entity in order to perform an action e.g. The boy cut the rope WITH AN OLD RAZOR

Question 18

EXPERIENCER

Answer 18

person who has a feeling, perception or state e.g. feel, see, know, enjoy

Question 19

LOCATION

Answer 19

where an entity is

Question 20

SOURCE

Answer 20

where the entity moves from

Question 21

GOAL

Answer 21

where the entity moves to

Question 22

SYNONYMY

Answer 22

two or more words with very closely related meanings

Question 23

ANTONYMY

Answer 23

two forms with opposite meanings (gradable, non-gradable and reversives)

Question 24

HYPONYMY (superordinate + co-hyponyms)

Answer 24

when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another e.g. animal/dog, flower/rose
SUPERORDINATE are higher-level terms e.g. animal, insect
CO-HYPONYMS are two or more words that share the same superordinate

Question 25

PROTOTYPES

Answer 25

characteristic instance of a category

Question 26

HOMOPHONES

Answer 26

two or more forms that have the same pronunciation e.g. right/write

Question 27

HOMONYMS

Answer 27

when one form has two or more unrelated meanings e.g. bank (of a river)/bank (financial institution)

Question 28

POLYSEMY

Answer 28

two or more words with the same form and related meanings e.g. head (object on top of ur body/person at the top of a company)

Question 29

METONYMY

Answer 29

using one word to refer the other e.g. bottle/water or when we talk about answering the door/giving someone a hand