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Kin 122 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology:

A

the study of the movements of the human body

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2
Q

5 types of research

A

Systematic Research: problems, methods, data analysis, interpretations, conclusions
Logical: others can evaluate conclusions drawn
Empirical: conclusions based on data
Reductive: data used to establish more general relationships
Replicable: the trans is recorded and other can repeat or build on that research

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3
Q

5 Philosophical Worldviews

A

Post Positivism:
Constructivism:
Transformative:
Pragmatism:
Two eyed Seeing:

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4
Q

Post Positivism

A

based on the notion of a single reality and objective truth-unbiased and objective

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5
Q

Constructivism

A

based on the notion of multiple realities as meanings as varied and multiple -focus on complexity of views

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6
Q

Transformative

A

based on the notion that research needs to be intertwined with politics and political agenda -work collaboratively with participants

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7
Q

Pragmatism:

A

based on the notion that research needs to be concerned with “What works” and solutions to problems -whatever method works best

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8
Q

Two eyed Seeing

A

rooted in the belief that there are many ways of understanding the world, some represented by indigenous knowledge systems and others by European derived sciences

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9
Q

Three research approaches

A

quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods

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10
Q

quantitative research

A

for theory testing, describing status on variables, and looking at relations among variables
MEASUREMENTS AND STATS

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11
Q

qualitative research

A

for exploring and understanding meanings ascribed by individuals or groups
FLEXIBILITY

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12
Q

Mixed Methods

A

combines both forms

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13
Q

Statistics

A

an objective means of interpreting numerical data -uses post positivism

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14
Q

Central Tendency

A

a single score that best represents all scores for a group of individuals

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15
Q

Mean, Median, Mode

A

Mean- most common measure of central tendency
Median: number occurring at the midpoint of the series
Mode- most frequently occurring number

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16
Q

Variability and Square root

A

Variability: best estimate of the spread of scores
Deviation: the square root of variance

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17
Q

6 Ethical Principles

A

Autonomy, Non-Maleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Fidelity, Veracity

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18
Q

Autonomy

A

freedom to make ones own choices and take actions based on ones own personal values and beliefs

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19
Q

Non-Maleficence

A

do no harm

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20
Q

Beneficence

A

do whets in the best interest of others

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21
Q

Justice

A

fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of others

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22
Q

Fidelity

A

fulfilling responsibilities of trust

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23
Q

Veracity

A

truthfullness

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24
Q

Ethical Dilemmas

A

a situation that requires ethical action, but ethical principles conflict and the professional is required to perform two or more mutually exclusive actions

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25
Q

5 Focal Virtues

A

Compassion, Discernment, Trustworthiness, Integrity, Conscientiousness

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26
Q

Compassion

A

regard for another’s welfare and an awareness of misfortune and suffering

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27
Q

Discernment

A

being able to make fitting judgements without being unduly influenced by extraneous factors

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28
Q

Trustworthiness:

A

warranting confidence in ones character and conduct

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29
Q

Integrity

A

knowing ones own personal ideals and being faithful to them

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30
Q

Conscientiousness:

A

acting to determine what is right, intend to do what’s right, and putting effort towards doing what is right

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31
Q

BMI

A

ratio of height to weight and categorize people as overweight and obese

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32
Q

Interventions

A

to help people change their behaviour and replace sedentary pursuits with active ones

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33
Q

3 Types of Interventions and what they are

A

Downstream: individual level interventions for those who possess risk factor or suffer from risk related diseases
Midstream: population level intervention that target defined populations for the purpose of changing and/ or preventing health damaging behaviours
Upstream: provincial/ national public policy or environmental interventions to strengthen social norms and supports for healthy behaviours

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34
Q

Public Health Impact

A

involves interventions at all three levels at the same time -population level impact

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35
Q

Diagnostic process:

A

simple model of disease whereby individuals are classified sick or not sick

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36
Q

High Risk Strategy:

A

intervention matched with needs of individual, avoids intervention with those who aren’t at risk -disease as if it were the whole problem

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37
Q

Population Strategy

A

effects may be large and are culturally appropriate and sustainable to seek a general change in norms and values -limited in the fact that it has a small benefit to each individual

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38
Q

Strategies to enhance physical activity messages

A

Include certain Message Qualities: vivid, STANDS OUT
Create Relevance: tailor to fit an individuals need/ characteristics -target a population group
Appropriate Message Framing: gai framed or loss framed,
Create Accessible Messages

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39
Q

Social Psychology

A

scientific study of how people influence each other, and other factors that affect social behaviour

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40
Q

Three social psychology approaches

A

Social Psychology Approach: speculation about cases of social behaviour -based on looking inward and considering the past
Social Empiricism Approach: paralleled growth of natural and biological sciences -systematic data gathering
Social Analysis Approach: represents modern social psychology -avoids overly simplistic, grand, and broad principles of social behaviour

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41
Q

Psychoanalytic Theories

A

Behaviour Theories: focused on how behaviour is acquired and emitted, early behaviorism emphasized the person environment in determining behaviour
Cognitive Theories: rely heavily on verbal behaviour, conscious experience, and environmental factors
Psychoanalytic Theories: concerned with transformation of humans from biological organism to socialized being, internal states direct specific behaviours unconsciously

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42
Q

Social Influence

A

real or imaged pressure to change ones behaviour, attitude, or beliefs -can have negative or positive affects

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43
Q

Conformity

A

a change in behaviour or belief toward a group as a result of real or imaged group pressure

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44
Q

Sources of Power LERRC

A

Legitimate: based on ones socially sanctioned claim to a position/ role that gives him/her the right to require and demand compliance
Expert: derived from subordinates assumption that the power holder possesses superior skills and abilities
Reward: having control over distribution of rewards given to individuals
Coercive: having the ability to punish/ threated others who don’t comply with requests/ demands
Referent: based on ones identification with, or attraction to, or respect to power holder

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45
Q

Types of Social Support (5)

A

instrumental, Emotional, Informational, Companionship, Validation

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46
Q

Instrumental Support

A

tangible, practical assistance that will help a person achieve goals

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47
Q

Emotional Support

A

occurs through expressions of encouragement, caring, empathy, concern towards a person

48
Q

Informational Support

A

includes giving directions, advice, or suggestions and providing feedback regarding progress

49
Q

Companionship Support

A

reflects the availability of persons within ones network

50
Q

Validation Support

A

comparing oneself with others in order to gauge progress and confirm that ones thoughts, feelings, problems, and experiences are normal

51
Q

Types of Motivation (2)

A

Intrinsic Motivation: engaging in behaviours because of interest and enjoyment
Extrinsic Motivation: engaging in behaviours to attain rewards or outcome that lie outside the activity itself

52
Q

Types of Behavioural Approaches (2)

A

Operant conditioning: behaviours associated with consequences that are learned through reinforcement or punishment following the behaviour
Vicarious conditioning: results from observing others, outcomes must be valued by the individual
Cognitive Approaches: individuals interpretation of external environment has powerful influence on behaviour

53
Q

6 Types of Motivations

A

Amotivation, External Regulation, Introjected Regulation, Identified Regulation, Integrated regulation, Intrinsic Regulation

54
Q

Ammotivation

A

the absence of motivation -does not participate or “goes through the motions”

55
Q

External Regulation:

A

a type of extrinsic motivation, the activity Is done to fulfill some external contingency or demand

56
Q

Introjected Regulation

A

a type of extrinsic -the activity is done to avoid negative emotions, enhance positive emotions, or maintain self worth

57
Q

Identified regulation

A

extrinsic -activity is linked to important goals that stem from participating in the activity

58
Q

Integrated Regulation

A

extrinsic -activity is symbolic of the individuals identity “its who I am”

59
Q

Intrinsic Regulation:

A

activity is inherently satisfying, enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, self rewarding -has highest level of self determination and is highest form or healthy development

60
Q

3 Theories of cognitive approaches

A

Self Determination:-focuses on the extent to which behaviour are undertaken from an individuals own choice vs controlled by something external
Attribution theory: focuses on how individuals explain success and failure
Social Cognitive Theory: describes the factors that affect and determine behaviour -rooted in belief that individuals are proactively engaged in their environment

61
Q

3 Types of Approaches of Motivation

A

Behavioural, Cognitive, Cognitive-Behavioural

62
Q

3 Body Types

A

Ectomorph: linear tall, lean -cerebrotonia personality (tense, introvert)
Endomorph: plumpness, roundness -viscerotonia personality (affectionate, sociable)
Mesomorph: inverted triangle shape, athletic body -somatotopic (adventurous, aggressive)

63
Q

2 Approaches to Study of Personality

A

Biological Theory–links personality with biological processes
-emphasizes the person; mind body connection
Trait Theory: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. OCEAN

64
Q

2 Types of Anxiety

A

State Anxiety: associated with worries and apprehension that change from moment to moment intensity of anxiety at a specific time
Trait Anxiety: stable part of an individuals personality, predisposing them to perceive situations as physically or psychologically threatening

65
Q

2 Components of Anxiety

A

Cognitive Anxiety: reflects concerns/ worries and reduced ability to focus/ concentrate
Somatic Anxiety: physical component of anxiety that refers to people perceptions of their body state

66
Q

Goal Setting

A

the practice of establishing desirable objectives for ones actions

67
Q

Types of Goals (3)

A

Outcome goals: represents standards of performance that focus on the results of a contest between opponents or teams
Performance goals: focus on improvements relative to ones own past performance
Process goals: specify the procedures in which the athlete must engage in during performance

68
Q

2 Types of Imagery

A

External Imagery: you see the image from outside your body, as if your watching a tape
Internal Imagery: experience images from behind your own eyes in your own body

69
Q

Motor skills

A

physical activities with goals achieved by executing efficient and coordinated movements

70
Q

Motor Control

A

the neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of movements

71
Q

Motor Performance

A

the act of executing a motor skill that results in a temporary, non permanent change

72
Q

Motor Learning

A

how people acquire motor skills in a way that results in a relatively permanent change in someone’s ability to execute those motor skills

73
Q

Motor Development

A

age related changes that occur over a lifetime

74
Q

Info Processing Model (7)

A

Input: information from the environment goes into this model
Sensory System: detects environmental info
Perceptual System: organizes and classifies the environmental info
Memory: encodes and stress information for later retrieval
Processor: integrates perceptual and memory info and makes a decision
Response organization and effector mechanism: organize the appropriate motor commands and sends them to the muscles
Output: actual behaviour of what you do

75
Q

Cornea

A

gathers and focuses light

76
Q

Pupil

A

hole in the iris that light filters through

77
Q

Iris

A

controls the size of pupil and amount of light entering the eye

78
Q

Lens

A

bends the light entering the eye

79
Q

Retina

A

where the image of the optical system is formed

80
Q

Choroid

A

contains blood vessels that nourish the eye

81
Q

Sclera

A

maintains the shape of the eye

82
Q

Aqueous humor

A

watery fluid in small chamber behind the cornea

83
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

water fluid in large chamber of the eye

84
Q

Rods

A

detect intensity of light

85
Q

Cones

A

detect colour of light

86
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

densely packed photoreceptors “the central pit” of cones

87
Q

Optic Nerve

A

bundle of axons in the retinal ganglion cells as they exit the eye

88
Q

ocippital lobe

A

primary visual processing centre at the rear portion of the brain

89
Q

Performance Outcome Measures

A

measures the outcome or result of performing a motor skill

90
Q

3 Types of Reaction time

A

-Simple Reaction Time: one signal, one response
-Choice RT: more than one signal, each with its own response
-Discrimination RT: more than one signal, one response

91
Q

Types of Errors (4)

A

Performance, Absoloute, Constant, Variable

92
Q

Performance errors

A

used to determine whether or not the goal of the movement was achieved

93
Q

Absolute Error

A

estimate of overall size of the error

94
Q

Constant error

A

provides info on the overall direction of error

95
Q

Variable error

A

the standard deviation of performance

96
Q

Kinematics

A

motion qualities without regard to force -displacement, velocity, acceleration

97
Q

Kinetics

A

various internal and external forces acting on the body

98
Q

Electromyography

A

electrical activity in the muscle

99
Q

Gross Motor Skill

A

involve large muscles, and precision of movement is not that important

100
Q

Fine motor skill

A

require control of small muscles to achieve a goal

101
Q

Discrete motor skill

A

clearly defined beginning and endpoints

102
Q

Serial motor skill

A

a series of discrete motor skills performed in a specific order

103
Q

Continuous motor skill

A

no obvious beginning or endpoints

104
Q

Closed motor skill

A

performed in a stable and predictable environment -self paced, objects waits on performer

105
Q

Open motor skill

A

performed in an everchanging, unpredictable environment -performer needs to react on the environment to be successful

106
Q

Stages of Learning (3)

A

Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous

107
Q

Cognitive Stage

A

a large number of errors, gross errors are large and catastrophic, highly variable performance

108
Q

Associative Stage

A

fewer errors, ability to detect own errors, basic fundamentals have been learned, decreased variability

109
Q

Autonomous Stage

A

skill becomes automatic, little error

110
Q

Transfer of Learning

A

the influence of having previously practiced a skill on the learning of a new skill

111
Q

Types of Transfer Learning (3)

A

Positive Transfer: when the experience with a previous skill facilitates the learning of a new skill -most likely when skills are similar, or similar environment
Negative Transfer: when the experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of a new one, most likely when there are changes in the spatial location required, or timing required
Zero transfer: when the experience with a previous skill has no effect or little effect on the learning of a new one

112
Q

Promoting Transfer (3)

A

Contextual interference- practice several different skills during a session -promotes development of cognitive strategies that are less dependant on skill or context
Vary the type of practice: practice many variations of one skill in a variety of contexts
Reduce the frequency of feedback: forces the learner to engage in active problem solving and rely more on his/her own internal feedback, ability to detect and correct own errors is a characteristic of autonomous stage of learning

113
Q

Blocked Practice

A

the task is practiced on many consecutive trials before the next task

114
Q

Random Practice

A

the ordering of tasks is randomized during practice

115
Q

Closed skills:

A

practice conditions should be similiar to those that will prevail under competition conditions

116
Q

KR

A

knowledge of results -info about outcome

117
Q

KP

A

knowledge of performance -info about production of the movement pattern

Kin 122 (2 decks)

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