DEFINITIONS Flashcards
AB LIBITUM
Feeding an animal as much as it will eat. Free feed
ABERRANT BEHAVIOR SYNDROME
Psychological condition suffered by human-raised llamas and alpacas that can cause them to exhibit dangerously aggressive behavior toward humans. AKA “berserk male syndrome”
ALLEYWAY
Narrow passageway
AMBULATORY PRACTICE
Type of veterinary practice in which the veterinarian goes to the animal instead of the animal coming to the veterinarian. AKA “Farm Call” “Field Service”
ANKLE BAND
Form of identification worn on the ankle
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Implantation of live spermatozoa into the genital tract of the female.
ATRESIA ANI
No anus or rectum
ATRESIA COLI
Development abnormality in cattle that is lethal without surgical correction
ATRESIA RECTI
Absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular passage, such as the ans, intestine, or external ear canal
AUGER
Used in agriculture to move grain from trucks and grain carts into grain storage bins.
AUSCULTATION
Act of listening for sounds, within the body, chiefly to ascertain the condition of the lungs, heart, pleura, abdomen and other organs
BACK STOP
Metal bar within an alleyway that, once an animal moves past it within the alleyway, swings out to prevent the animal from backing up
BACKGROUNDING
Growing and feeding of calves from weaning until they are ready to enter the feedlot
BALLOTTEMENT
Palpation by pressing both fists firmly intot he left paralumbar fossa
BARROW
Castrated male of the porcine species
BEARD
Long hair that grows off the mandible of the jaw in goats
BERSERK MALE SYNDROM
Aberramnt Behavior Syndrome
BIGHT
Loop or bent part of a rope, as distinguished from the ends
BILLY
INtact male goat
BIOSECURITY
Security from transmission of infectious disease, parasites, and pests
BISHOPING
Altering the natural characteristics of the incisor teeth of a horse with files, drills, hot irons, or silver nitrate to make the horse appear younger than it really is.
BLEPHAROSPASM
Tonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle that produces more or less complete closure of the eyelids
BOAR
Intact male of the porcine species
BOAR EFFECT
Effect that causes a sow to disp[lay signs of estrus or to come into estrus when in the presence of a boar
BORBORYGMI
Rumbling noise caused by propulsion of gas through the intestines
BOVINE
Of or pertaining to the subfamily Bovinae, which includes cattle, buffalo, and kudus
BUCK
Intact male goat
BUCK KID
Intact male neonate goat
BUCK ODOR
Smell associated with bucks during the breeding season
BULL
Intact male bovine
BULL CALF
Young male bovine
BUMP WEANING
Method of moving piglets from one mother to another
BY-PRODUCT
Secondary or incidental product, as in a process of manufacture
CALF
Young bovine of either sex
CALF CROP
Number of percentage of calves produced within a herd in a given year divided by the number of cows and heifers exposed to breeding
CALVES
Young of the domestic cow or other bovine animals
CAMELID
Any member of the alpaca and llama family Camelidae
CAPILLARY REFILL TIME
Test used to estimate hydration and blood circulation in animals
CASHMERE
Soft down or winter undercoat of fiber produced by most breeds of goats, except the Angora
CASTING
Technique of using a rope or a special harness designed to make an animal fall to the ground or onto a specially prepared area.
CATTLE PROD
Device that can be applied tot he rear end of cattle to encourage them to forward movement as a result of a small electrical shock.
CENTRAL SULCUS OF THE FROG
Depression ont he palmar/plantar aspect of the frog itself
CESAREAN SECTION
Birth of a fetus accompished by performing a surgical incision through the maternal abdomen and uterus
CHAIN SHANK
Leather lead with a short section of chain at the proximal end.
CHALLENGE FEEDING
Feeding livestock to promote increased weight gain
CHEMICAL RESTRAINT
Use of pharmeceuticals to alter an animal’s mental or physical abilities
CHESTNUTS
Small horny callus on the inner surface of a horse’s leg
CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
Hormone that promotes secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum.
CHUTE
Open set of bars with two doors at the front and back often used for cattle restraint
CLAW
Division into four tubes of the milking unit
CLIP
Amount of wool shorn in one season
COLOSTRUM
Thin, yellow, milky fluid secreted by the mammary gland before or after parturition.
COMMERCIAL FARMING
Production of agricultural products on a large scale
COMMODITY
Secondary or incidental product, as in a process of manufacture
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
Syndrome in which muscles that are contained in an aponeurotic sheath may be subject to serious ischemia due to increase in muscle siza as a result of vigorous muscular activity
CONNECTING AIR
Portion of the milking unit that creates the vacuum
CONTAGIOUS CASE
Capable of being transmitted from animal to animal
COSMETIC DEHORNING
Use of a surgical incision to remove a horn below the integument
COW
Female bovine
CREEP FEDDING
Feeding creep/sweet food to neonates
CRIA
Neonate camelid
CROSSBREEDING
Hybridization. Mating of organisms of different strains or species.
CRUTCHING
Shearing the wool from the perineal region of sheep
CUSHED POSITION
Sternal recumbency
CYANOSIS
Bluish discoloration, especially of the skin and mucous membranes, due to excessive concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood
DAM
Female camelid
DECUBITAL ULCER
Ulcer acquired over bony prominence as a result of lying down
DEHORNING
Removing of horns
DENTAL PAD
Firm ridge that replaces incisors in the maxilla of ruminants
DESCENTING
Removal of teh scent glands
DEWLAP
Hanging fold of skin under the neck of animals, especially some breeds of cattle and goats
DOE
Female goat
DOE KID
Female neonate goat
DRAFT HORSE
One of the heavy breeds of horse, developed originally for farm or heavy freight work.
DRY MATTER
Measurement of the mass of something completely dried
DRYLOT
Type of pen in which the main feed source is not grass
DYSTOCIA
Abnormal or difficult birth
EAR NOTCHING
Permanent form of identification in which pieces of skin in the form of notches are removed from quarters of the ear
ECCHYMOTIC HEMORRHAGES
Hemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia, in the skin or mucous membrane that forms a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch
ELASTRATOR
Tool used to cut off blood supply to the testicles, leading to castration
ELECTROJACULATION
Induction of ejaculation by delivery of a gradually increasing electrical current through a probe inserted intot he rectum.
ELECTRONIC IDENTIFICATION TAG (EID)
Electronic form of identification
EMBRYO TRANSFER
Placement of an embryo (fertilized egg) into the uterus for implantation
END OF A ROPE
Short end of the rope or the end that can be freely moved about
EPITHELIOCHORIAL
Tyoe if placenta in which the chorion is apposed tot he uterine epithelium but does not erode it
ERUCTATION
Casting up of wind from the stomach through the mouth. AKA “belching”
ESTIMATED PROGENCY DIFFERENCES (EPD)
Estimated breeding values give an estimate of the average transmitting ability of the parent.
ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION
Practice of using hormones to alter the reproductive cycle of females so that they all are in the same phase of estrus at the same time
EWE
Female sheep
EWE LAMB
Female neonate sheep
EXTERNAL PREPUTIAL RING
Rim of the external orifice of the prepuce proper, the internal prepuce, on the penis of the horse
EXTRALABEL DRUG USE
Length of time needed for a drug to be eliminated from animal tissue or products after it is no longer used
FACING
Clipping the wool from the face and eyes of a sheep to prevent wool blindness
FALL BACK
Baby piglet that is bump weaned because it is falling behind in development
FARM CALL
Ambulatory Practice or Field Service
FARROW TO FINISH
Operation that raises hogs form birth to slaughter weight
FARROWING
Act of parturition in the porcine species
FEATHERING
Long hair on the distal limbs of horses, often draft horses
FETLOCK
Metacarpophalangeal joint
FETOTOMY
Dissection of a dead fetus in utero
FIELD SERVICE
Ambulatory Practice and Farm Calls
FIGHTING TEETH
Very sharp, daggerlike teeth, on the upper and lower jaws, developed by the male llama upon maturity, Total of 6 teeth
FLANKING
A method of throwing a calf to the ground by reaching across its back and grabbing the skin fold of the flank, and using it to lift the animal off its feet
FLUSHING
Nutritional practice of increasing a female’s intake of protein and/or carbohydrates just before breeding, to improve ovulation and conception rates in ruminants and swine
FLY STIKE
Excessive fly bites often found on tips of the ears
FOOD ANIMAL RESIDUE AVOIDANCE DATABANK (FARAD)
Convenient source of information about withdrawal times for drugs
FOOT BATH
Used in the control of foot rot in sheep and cattle
FOUNDER
Chronic laminitis, with displacement of P3 from its normal position within the hoof
FREE STALL BARN
Loose housing systems in which stalls are provided for cows
FREEZE BRANDING
Branding animals by depigmentation of the hair coat with supercooled instruments
GELDING
Castrated male horse or camelid
GENETICS
Science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting from interaction of their genes and the environment
GILT
Female of the procine species that has not had a litter
GOMER
Male that has been surgically prepared to ensure that it cannot mate or is not fertile
GRADE
Animal without documentable lineage
GRADING UP
Animal of inferior breeding and quality ir bred to one of much superior standing
HALF HITCH
Knot or hitch made by forming a bight and passing the end of the rope around the standing part and through the bight
HALTER
Rope or strap with a head stall for leading or restraining horses or cattle
HAND MATING
Mating in which the female detected to be in estrus is handheld while she is mated or is let into a paddock or pen with a male, where she is the only female
HEAT DETECTION
In most natural mating situations, the male is the best possible detector
HEIFER
Female bovine before she has has her first calf
HEIFER CALF
Young female bovine
HEMOSTASIS
Arrest of bleeding
HERD
Young of the domestic cow or other bovine animal
HETEROSIS
Increase in growth, size, fecundity, function, yield, or other characteristics in hybrids over those of the parents
HETEROSPERMIC INSEMINATION
Mixing sperm for insemination from more than one male
HITCH
To fasten or tie temporarily
HOG
Pig that weighs more than 120 pounds
HOG SNARE
Instrument use in swine to restrain the animal by holing the maxilla
HORN BUTTON
Small horns from which horns grow
HORNED
term used to describe cattle that are naturally born with horns
HOT BRANDING
Method of identification in which heat is used to scar yhe skin with a specific mark
HOT ZONE
Area within a clinic where equipment may enter but cannot leave until it has been disinfected
HYDRAULICS
Operated by, moved by, or using water or other liquids in motion
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood
ILEUS
Intestinal obstruction due to a nonmechanical cause
INBREEDING
Breeding of closely related individuals
INDIVIDUAL BREEDING
Mating of two naimals, unobserved
INSURANCE EXAMINATION
Examination required by an insurance company in order for a horse to receive coverage
JUG
Lambing pen where ewe and her lambs are kept several days
KID
Neonate goat
KIDDING
Act of parturition in goats
KNOT
Interlacing, twining, looping of a cord or rope, drawn tight into a knob or lump, for fastening, binding, or connecting two cords together or to something else
LAMB
Young sheep
LAMBING
Act of parturition in sheep
LAMENESS
Pain in the limbs that does not allow for natural movement
LAPROTOMY
Surgical incision into the abdominal cavity
LATERAL SULCI OF THE FROG
Depressions on the medial and lateral sides of the frog
LEAD ROPE
Rope often with a clap to attach to a horse’s halter
LIGHT HORSE
Average riding horse
LINE BREEDING
Form of inbreeding, directed toward keeping the offspring closely related to a superior ancestor
LIVE COVER
Natural practice of a male naturally mating a female
LOCHIA
Vaginal discharge that takes place during the first week ot two after parturition
LOOP
Portion of a cord, ribbong folded or doubled upon itself so as to leave an opening between the parts
LORDOSIS
Characteristic standing response seen in some animals during estrus
LOSS OF USE INSURANCE
Insurance that states specifically the intended use of the horse and may reimburse the owner if the horse cannot perform its intended use because of illness/injury
MALACIA
Morbid softening or softness of a part or tissue
MALOCCLUSION
Malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth that interfere with highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaws essential for mastication
MARBLING
Small streaks of fat found within the muscle
MARKING
White area of hair on the face and legs of horses
MATERNAL LINE
Breed of swine that has stronger maternal characteristics
MENINGITIS
Inflammation fo teh meninges
MILK FAT
Fat content in milk
MILK REPLACER
Powdered milk that can be fed to neonate animals
MILK TUBE
Portion of the milking unit that carries the milk to the bulk tank
MILKING UNIT
Part of the milking machine that attaches to the udder
MINIATURE HORSE
Horse that is smaller than a pony
MORTALITY INSURANCE
Insurance that covers the value of the horse in case of death
MUTATION
In genetics, a permanent transmissible change in the genetic material
MYIASIS
Condition caused by infestation of the body by fly maggots
NANNY
Female goat
NATIONAL ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (NAIS)
Government-run program in the United States intended to extend government animal health
NATIONAL FARM IDENTIFICATION AND RECORDS SYSTEM
National animal identification and traceability system
NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION
Examination of the neurologic function of an animal
NONAMBULATORY
Unable to stand up
NOSE BAND
Part of the halter that passes over the bridge of the nose
NOSE LEAD
Scissorlike instrument with blades that curve toward each other and are fitted with a knob on each of their ends
NOSE RING
Metal ring that can be place through the nasal septum as a form of restraint
NURSERY
Building in a swine operation where weaned piglets are kept
OMPHALPHLEBITIS
Inflammation of the umbilical veins
ORDER BUYER
Person who buys feeder cattle on order for cattle feeders
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OUTCROSSING
Practice of introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line
OVERO
Color pattern in paint horses in which the hwite usually does not cross the back of the horse between its withers and its tail
OXYTOCIN
Nonapeptide secreted by magnocellular neurons of hypothalamus and stored as posterior pituitary hormone along with vasopressin
PALPATION GATE
Gate near the rear of a working chute that opens to allow acces to the rear of the animal
PANEL TAG
Tag placed in the ear as a form of identification
PARAPHIMOSIS
Inability to retract the penis back into the prepuce
PARTURITION
Birth
PASTURE
Pen in which grass is the main feed source
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Continuous “machinery murmur” over the left heart base
PATENT URACHUS
Condition in which teh urachus does not close and remains patent after birth
PEN MATING
In species other than pigs, form a mating that is synonymous with hand mating
PENILE PARALYSIS
Inability to retract the penis into the prepuce due to nerve or muscle disease
PETECHIAL HEMORRHAGE
Tiny pinpoint red mark that is an important sign of asphyxia caused by some external means of obsturcting the airways
PHANTOM
Mounting dummy used in equine semen collection
PHIMOSIS
Inability to extend the penis from the prepuce
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Examination of an animal’s overall health
PHYSICAL RESTRAINT
Methods applied to an animal with or without use of special equipment
PICKING
Practice of cleaning a stall in only the wet/dirty bedding is picked out
PIG
Of the genus Sus
PIGLET
Neonate of the porcine species
POINT OF BALANCE
At the shoulder, the point on an animal’s body that can be used for movement
POINTS
Black hair on horses
POLL
Top of the head
POLLED
Term used to describe cattle that are naturally born without horns
OCCIPUT
Poll; top of the head
PONY
Small horse
POSTING
Placing a post behind an animal while in a working chute to prevent it from backing up
PREMISES REGISTRATION
Portion fo teh National Animal Identification System in which farmers/ranchers register with the government the properties where they keep their animals
PREPURCHASE EXAMINATION
Examination conducted before completing the sale of an animal
PRIAPISM
Prolonged erection unrelated to sexual desire
PULSE DEFICIT
Difference between heart rate and pulse rate in atrial fibrillation
PURPURIC HEMORRHAGE
Large hemorrhage
QUALITY GRADE
Composite evaluation of factors that affect palatability of meat
RADIAL IMMUNODIFFUSION TEST
Technique for quantitating soluble proteins that involves placing the solution to be measured into a well cut into an agar or agarose gel containing antiserum specific for the protein
RAM
Intact male sheep
RAM LAMB
Intact male neonate sheep
RAMP TRAILER
Horse or livestock trailer with a ramp in the back that allows the animal to walk up to gain access to the trailer
RECUMBENT
Lying down
RESTRAINT
Term used to imply control of an animal
RETAINED PLACENTA
Placenta that is not expelled after parturition
RUNT
Piglet that is smaller than its littermates
SCOURS
Diarrhea
SCUR
Loosely attached horns
SEED STOCK BREEDER
Producer who raises livestock as replacement breeding stock
SHEATH
Common term for prepuce
SHOAT
Neonate of the procine species
SIDEWINDER
Male that has been surgically prepared to ensure that it cannot mate or is not fertile
SKIN SCALD
Burning of the skin
SKIN TURGOR
Test used to estimate hydration in an animal
SLANT-LOAD TRAILER
Horse trailer in which the animals stand at an angle with partitions separating the horses
SLIVER
Strand of loose, untwisted fiber produced in carding
SOUTH AMERICAN CAMELID
Lama is the modern genus name for two South American camelids, the wild guanaco and the domesticated llama
SOW
Female of the porcine species
SQUEEZE
Application of pressure to the sides of a bovine in a working chute by bringing in the sides of a chute
STAG
Male of the porcine species that was castrated after it reached puberty
STANCHION
Simple head catch that usually has a horizontal single bar on the sides and an opean rear area
STANDING HEAT
Stage of estrus in which the cow stands to be mounted by other cows or by a bull
STANDING PART OF A ROPE
Longer end of the rope or the end attached to the animal
STEER
Castrated male bovine
STILLBIRTH
Delivery of a dead neonate
STOCKS
Open set of bars with two doors at the front and back often used for horse retraint
STREAK CANAL
Short, small-caliber duct(s) at the tip of the teat that communicates to the exterior
STRIPPING
Practice of cleaning a stall in which all of the bedding is removed
SUPERNUMERARY TEATS
Irregular number of teats
SUPEROVULATION
Extraordinary acceleration of ovulation
SURGICAL INSURANCE
Insurance that covers the specific costs of surgery and hospitalization, with some limitations
SUSPENSION CUP
Claw
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT
Modified interosseous muscle of the horse that arises from the palmar carpal ligament behind the knee and suspends the pair of sesamoid bones behind the fetlock
SWITCH
Distal part of the bovine tail that bears longer hairs than the body of the tail
SYNCHRONIZATION
Use of hormones to cause livestock to all come into estrus at the same time
TAIL GATE
Rear gate on a working chute
TAIL JACK
Method of restraint in which the tail of a bovine is brought dorsally over the back of the animal
TAILING
Restraint technique used in cattle in whcih the butt of the tail is grasped with both hands and raised vertically as far as it will go without breaking
TEASER
Animal used to sexually tease but not to impregnate the members of the opposite sex
TEAT CUP ASSEMBLY
Portion of the milking unit that contains the steel shell and liner
TEAT ORDER
Social hierarchy established within a litter of nursing piglets
TEMPORARY MARKING PAINT
Form of identification in which the animal is drawn on using temporary nontoxic paint
TERMINAL LINE
Breed of swine that has stronger meat characteristics
TETANUS
Infectin of the nervous system by the potentially deadly bacteria Clostridium tetani
THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE
Endotherm’s temperature tolerance range
THROW
- In the restraint fo horses and cows, to cast them
2. When tying a knot, action of making a loop and passing it around an object
TIPPING HORNS
Cutting off the tip of the horns
TOBIANO
Color pattern in paint horses in which the dark color usually covers one or both flanks
TOVERO
Color pattern in paint horses in which the dark pigmentation around the ears, which may expand to cover the forehead and/or eyes
TRACTION
Act of drawing or exerting a pulling force
TROCAR
Penlike object witha sharp end used to relieve excess gas in the event of bloat
TUB
Area before the chute where animals can be crowded and encouraged to move up the alleyway
TUBER COXAE
Bony prominence on the dorsal aspect of the hip
TWITCHES
Restraint method in which pressure is applied to an area of the horse as a distraction
TWO-HORSE TRAILER
Horse trailer that will only hold two horses
UMBILICAL HERNIA
Outward bulging of the abdmoinal lining or part of the abdominal organ(s) through the area around the naval
URINARY CALCULI
Urinary stones
URINE SCALD
Scalding of the perineal area, and sometimes the hindlegs
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
VALGUS
Bent or twisted outward. Denotes a deformity where the angulation of the part is away from the midline of the body
VARUS
Bent or twisted inward. Denotes a deformity where the angulation of the part is toward the midline of the body
VASECTOMIZED
Having undergone removal of the ductus deferntes by surgical means
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
Process in which several steps in the production and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company to increase that company’s power in the marketplace
WATTLE
Projection of skin hanging from the chin or throat
WETHER
Castrated male sheep
WETHER LAMB
Castrated male neonate sheep
WINDSWEPT
Foal born with bilateral angular limb deformaties
WITHDRAWAL TIME
Length of time needed for a drug to be eliminated from animal tissue or products after it is no longer used
WORKING CHUTE
Device used to restrain large animals. A small stall in which the animal is encouraged to walk, animal’s head is fixed and the back of the chute is closed
YEARLING DOE
Female goat older than 1 year of age but younger than 2 years
YEARLING EWE
Female sheep older than 1 year of age but younger than 2 years
YIELD GRADE
Measurements of cattle and lamb carcass cutability categorized into numerical categories, 1 being the leanest
