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1
Q

Magnetic Field

A
  1. generated by permanent magnet & moving el charge/ current
  2. direction of mag field is tangent to the field line at any point
  3. N pole will point in direction of field line
    <- N - S –
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2
Q

Magnetic Flux Φ

A
  1. total magnetic field through a given area
  2. unit Wb- (Tm^2)
  3. Φ= B Ag
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3
Q

Magnetic Flux Density (B)

A
  1. in a region of the magnetic field, the number of flux lines that pass through a unit of perpendicular area
  2. B= Φ/ A
  3. unit- t
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4
Q

Lorentz Force

A
  1. an outside magnetic field will exert a force (Fl) on the current carrying wire
  2. Fl= B I L
    l-lenght, I-current, B-magnetic flux density
  3. LHR to determine direction
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5
Q

LHR

A
  1. thumb: Fl- force on conductor F
  2. index finger: B- direction of mag field
  3. middle finger: I- direction of current through wire
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6
Q

Electric Current and Magnetic Field

A
  1. mag field produced by motion of El charge
  2. mag field is vector
  3. its direction is tangent to the mag field lines
  4. RHR rule
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7
Q

RHR

A
  1. thumb- direction of I
  2. finger- direction of magnetic field
  3. dart
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8
Q

Solenoid and Magnetic Field

A
  1. RHR
    fingers- follow current around solenoid
    thumb- magnetic field lines inside solenoid
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9
Q

Electric Charge

A
  1. unit: coulomb- c
  2. comes in whole-number multiple of fundamental unit elementary charge
    formula: Q= n e
    e- elementary charge
  3. two forms:
    +‘ve- proton, -‘ve- electron
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10
Q

Electric Force

A
  1. force 1 charge exerts on another
  2. opp charges attract
  3. Fe= f (qq)/r2
    f- electrostatic constant-> 8.99 10^9 Nm2/c2
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11
Q

Electric Field

A
  1. el charge alternates the property of space around it- the field is a toll to explain this
  2. the existence of the field can be noticed only by another el charge
  3. Ee= Fe/q, -> Ee= f Q/r2, q= 1c
  4. unit: N/c
  5. vector
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12
Q

Electric Field Lines

A
  1. direction of el field is the direction of the net el force on a small +’ve test charge
  2. el field around a charge (sphere) is radial +
    A. diverges from =’ve charge
    B. converges on -‘ve charge
    C. field lines never intersect
    D. field strength is proportional to line density
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13
Q

Electric Energy

A

Eel= f qQ/r

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14
Q

Electric Potential

A
  1. Energy per charge that an imaginary test charge has at any location in space
  2. units: volt- J/c
  3. v= f Q/r (property of the field)
  4. el E becomes Eel= q V
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15
Q

How can the potential difference be be used for charge?

A
  1. to accelerate the charge
  2. charge will move from higher –> lower El E
  3. law of conservation of E
    Eel= Ef- Ei -> Ek= -Eel
  4. decrease in el e= increase in kinetic e
  5. v= vf-vi : potential difference between 2 points
  6. unit: volts
  7. Ek= -q V
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16
Q

Uniform Electric Field

A
  1. homogenous El field has the same mag and direction at any place
  2. Eel= V/d , d- distance among the planes, v pot diff
  3. units: volts/m (N/c)= (V/m)
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17
Q

Uniform fields

A
  1. Fel= q Eel
    a. charged particle will feel electric force
    b. accelerate or be in equilibrium with another force
  2. Ek= Q V
    a. charged particles will gain kinetic e
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18
Q

Electricity

A
  1. setting charge into motion
  2. in order to move charge we need to place it in a potential difference
  3. v= v_ - v+
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19
Q

Conductors

A
  1. materials that contain free electrons
  2. directing e in 1 direction - to +
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20
Q

Current (1)

A
  1. uniform flow of charge
  2. current= charge moving in a circuit/ time, I= Q/t
  3. unit: c/sec= Ampere (A)
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21
Q

Elementary Charge

A
  1. the amount of charge is always multiple of the quantum of charge- electron
  2. Q= n= qe, n- no of electrons
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22
Q

What is the unit of charge for Coulomb?

A

electron, e

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23
Q

What is current measured with?

A
  1. ammeter
  2. ideal ammeters have 0 resistance, but most have some
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24
Q

Current (2)

A
  1. flow of free e in the material (wire)
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25
Q

Conventional flow of current

A
  1. direction of +’ve charge
    • <—— i —— + opposite flow
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26
Q

What is the Power Source used for?

A
  1. it provides the potential difference needed to move charge
  2. does work to place charge in a position of high potential/ high voltage
  3. unit: volts- J/c
  4. u= E/Q or E= Qu
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27
Q

What is the voltmeter used for?

A
  1. measures the potential difference
  2. preferably ideal resistance
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28
Q

Resistor Ω

A
  1. component that hinders the motion of charge
  2. as when charge moves through a resistor it has to spend energy
  3. R= U/I
  4. units: U/I- volts/ ampere- ohm- Ω
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29
Q

What is Conductance?

A
  1. inverse of the resistance,
  2. defines how well a component conducts electricity
  3. G= 1/R or G= I/u
  4. units: si (siemens)= A/v
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30
Q

Electric Power

A
  1. P= U I
    units: watt
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31
Q

Rheostat circuit

A
  1. connection in series
  2. aim to control the current
  3. I= V/ Rv + Ri
  4. variable resistance
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32
Q

Potentiometer

A
  1. connection in parallel
  2. used to control the potential difference
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33
Q

Lorentz Force on a moving charge

A
  1. moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force that is perpendicular to both magnetic flux density B and the velocity of the moving charge
  2. Fl|_ B, Fl |_ v
  3. Fl= B q v , magnetic flux, charge, speed
  4. will only change direction of velocity
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34
Q

Does lorentz force do work?

A
  1. Fl on a moving charge does 0 work
  2. cos(v)= cos(90) -> w=0
  3. Fl on a moving charge can play a role of centripetal force
  4. Fcp= Fl -> m v2/r = Bqv
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35
Q

Electromagnetic induction

A
  1. electric current can be produced in loops of wire by simply moving a magnet in and out of loops
  2. as magnet is changing the no of field lines through cross sectional area enclosed by the wire (el conductor)
  3. Φ= B A
  4. flux change-> induced potential
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36
Q

What changes the flux overtime?

A
  1. relative movement between the conductor and magnetic field
  2. results w/ induced potential
  3. Φ/t= Uind
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37
Q

What is the relation between potential and no of loops?

A
  1. induced potential is proportional to the no of loops (N)
  2. Uind - N
  3. Vind= -N Φ/t abs value, *
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38
Q

Temperature (T)

A
  1. indicator of how hot or cold smt is w/ respect to a scale (Celsius or Kelvin)
  2. T(k)= T(*c) + 273.15
  3. T is not heat, it is a condition/ state
  4. the measure of avg kinetic energy of molecules the body i smade of
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39
Q

Heat

A
  1. the process of energy transfer
  2. Ek= 3/2 Kb T
  3. boltzman constant= 1.38066 10^-23
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40
Q

Internal Energy in Solids

A
  1. always Vibration
  2. rarely Rotation
  3. Never Translation
41
Q

internal energy in Liquids and Gases

A
  1. VRT
42
Q

Movement of particles

A
  1. every single particle jiggles: it has kinetic energy
  2. every particle is somewhere, relative to others and has Energy potential
  3. have avg energy
43
Q

Random Molecular Energy

A
  1. internal Energy
  2. V= Ek + Ep
  3. internal E of a body is the sum of all avg kinetic and avg potential energies of all molecules the body is made off
44
Q

Heat Q (J)

A
  1. part of internal energy being transffered from warmer body to colder body
45
Q

1st law of Thermodynamics

A
  1. work is another way to change v
    v= Q + w
  2. Q is +’ve - system gained E
    Q- net heat absorbed by the system
  3. out put work- considered +’ve,
    input work- -‘ve
46
Q

Thermal Expansion- Linear 1D

A
  1. l/lo= alpha T
  2. units: m/m= al k^-1
  3. alpha- coeff for linear expansion
47
Q

Thermal Expansion- Volume 3D

A

v/vo = V T
2. V- volumetric expansion coeff for fluids
3. solids 3a

48
Q

Conduction

A
  1. heat transfer because of contact
  2. w/in body + between bodies w/ diff T
49
Q

Thermal Conductivity

A
  1. property of substance to conduct
  2. P = Y AT/a
  3. thickness of conductor
50
Q

Convection

A
  1. heat transfer because of fluid motion
  2. molecules move faster and need more space
  3. v increases- density decreases
  4. air parcel moves up and expands, as it expands it cools down and contracts and falls down
51
Q

Radiation

A
  1. objects emit EM radiation in all directions
  2. Stefans law
  3. W= J/s
52
Q

Periodic motion

A

motion that repeats itself after a certain time

53
Q

Time period (Period)

A
  1. time needed for 1 full repetition
  2. units- any unit of time
54
Q

Frequency

A
  1. no of full repetitions that happen in 1 second
  2. Hz
  3. 1Hz- 1/s
55
Q

Oscillation

A

periodic motion that happens around a position of equilibrium

56
Q

Position of equilibrium

A

if the oscillator was to find itself in the eq posiiton w/ v=0 it would rest there

57
Q

Amplitude

A

max displacement from position of equilibrium

58
Q

What happens when the oscillator is in motion?

A
  1. passes through the equilibrium position w/ max velocity (in both directions)
  2. at the positions of max displacement, the velocity becomes zero and changes directio
59
Q

Velocity Max (oscillations)

A

Vmax= 2piA/T -> 2pifA

60
Q

Displacement as a function of time

A

1/ 1/T= f : x(t)= Asin(2pift)
v(t)= A(2pi/T)cos(2pi/Tt)
a(t)= v’(t)= a’‘(t)

61
Q

Phase

A
  1. gives a measurement of how many times a system has oscillated, from 1st time the system crossed the position of equilibrium in the +’ve direction
  2. Φ= t/T, t-time elapsed since oscillator crossed eq in + direction
  3. Φ=2.25-> 0.25: reduced phase- how far into the current oscillation we found the system
62
Q

spring constant can be calculated from time period

A
  1. T= 2pi-/m/c
  2. c= 4pi2m/T^2 (N/m)
63
Q

Resonance

A
  1. when outside force (driving frequency) becomes equal to the natural frequency of a system
  2. the amplitude grows (becomes max)
  3. T- f
    4.systems have their own natural frequencies
64
Q

waves

A
  1. disturbance that propagates (transmit the influence of smt in a particular direction) through medium
  2. change in kinematic variable, position, velocity, acceleration
  3. E wave- A^2 wave
  4. transfer energy and info but not mass
65
Q

Period (T)

A
  1. sec
  2. time req to complete a single cycle
66
Q

wavelength (λ)

A
  1. meters
  2. distance between successive crests, troughs or identical parts
67
Q

wavefront

A

imaginary surface representing points of a wave that vibrate in unison (the same way at the same time)

68
Q

wave speed

A
  1. speed w/ which waves pass a particular point
  2. wave speed= distance/time
  3. v= λ f
    f= 1/T
69
Q

frequency

A

no of repetitions (vibrations) per unit of time
f=1/T
no of crests that pass a particular point per unit of time

70
Q

energy transfer in waves

A
  1. waves transfer energy and momentum but not mass
  2. energy transfered in waves is directly prop to A^2
71
Q

transverse waves

A

direction of disturbance is perpendicular to direction of propagation

72
Q

longitudinal waves

A
  1. individual particles of a medium vibrate back and forth along/ parallel direction in which the wave vibrates
  2. sound + seismic
73
Q

Phase ϕ

A
  1. measure of synchronisation
  2. ϕ= s/λ
  3. rep stage of development of a periodic process
    4.describes a specific location w/in a single period cycle
74
Q

phase of a point

A

no of times a particular point in the wave has oscillated

75
Q

Sound

A
  1. longitudinal wave
  2. speed depends on density of medium + T
  3. frequency-> pitch
  4. higher particle density -> higher pressure
  5. variation in pressure, amplitude goes with intensity + volume
76
Q

Intensity

A
  1. energy transfered in unit time across surface perpendicular to direction of wave propagation
  2. I= Psource/ A, A= 4pir^2
  3. units: w/m^2
77
Q

Hooke’s law and elastic force

A
  1. amount of extension (compression) is directly proportional to the force causing that deformation
  2. F-u
    C-spring constant (coeff of elasticity)
  3. unit: N/m
78
Q

Stress σ

A
  1. cause of elastic deformation
  2. ratio of applied force to area over which it acts
  3. σ= force/ cross sectional area= F/A
  4. units: N/m^2= Pa
  5. same force will stretch 2 rods differently because of different cross-sectional area
79
Q

Strain

A
  1. effect- deformation itself
  2. change in dimension/ shape of a body due to applied stress
  3. E= change l/ l0
80
Q

Young modulus of elasticity

A

E= stress/ strain
used in region where object will return to its original shape=> Elastic region

81
Q

Phase

A
  1. state of matter
  2. gas, liquid, solid
82
Q

Phase transition

A
  1. isothermic process
    G-L-S-> Einternal out
83
Q

Latent Heat (L)

A
  1. existing but not yet developed, hidden
  2. energy per kg of substance
84
Q

Latent Heat for Melting

A
  1. specific enthalpy for melting
  2. E needed to break molecular bonds for phase transition
  3. solid->melting->liquid<- solidification
85
Q

Latent Heat for Evaporation

A
  1. E needed for phase transition
  2. specific enthalpy of evaporation
  3. L-><-G
86
Q

Change of Phase

A
  1. specific enthalpy goes both ways
  2. depends on transition process
  3. depends on substance
  4. Q= m L
    Q- heat req to transition a mass m of substance, m- mass, L-specific enthalpy
87
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A
  1. E required for 1kg of substance to raise it T for deltaT= 1k
  2. c= Q/mT —> Q=m c T
88
Q

Heat Capacity

A
  1. E req to change the T of an object for T= 1K
  2. c= Q/T ——> Q=C T
  3. ratio of E (heat) transferred to an object and resulting increase in its T
89
Q

Four measurable quantities

A
  1. pressure p (Pa)
  2. Volume V (m^3)
  3. Temperature T (K)
  4. mass m (kg)-> amount of substance n(mol)
90
Q

Ideal Gas Model Assumptions

A
  1. the gas particles have a negligible volume (no size)
  2. gas particles between collisions move as free particles (no inter-molecular forces)
  3. collisions are perfectly elastic- no energy loss
91
Q

Ideal Gas Equation

A
  1. p V = n R T
    R-universal constant
  2. gas with unchangeable no of particles n-constant
  3. n R- constant
92
Q

T- constant

A

isothermal process

93
Q

p- constant

A

isobaric process

94
Q

V- constant

A

isochoric process

95
Q

Isothermal Process

A
  1. change of gas state
  2. T constant
    -> n R T- const => pV- const
96
Q

Isobaric Process

A
  1. p-const
  2. nR/p- const -> V/T- const
97
Q

Isochoric Process

A
  1. V-const
  2. nR/V-const => P/T-const
98
Q

Adiabatic Process

A
  1. systems thermally insulated from their environment
  2. Q= 0, no heat exchange with the environment, or fast/rapid changes
    -as when Q=0 -> W=V
  3. amount of substance (moles) is constant
    nR- const => pV/T const
99
Q
A

Physics 2 (1 decks)

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