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BISC 333 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Homeosis

A

Where 1 structure is transformed into another homologous structure as a result of a mutation

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2
Q

Phylotypic stage

A

The stage of vertebrate embryogenesis during which embryos of different species closely resemble each other, embryo has a distinct head neural tube & somites

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3
Q

Involution

A

Cells move around the inner blastular surface to opposite the blastopore when gastrulation begins

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4
Q

Archenteron

A

A new cavity formed in the gut during embryogenesis, produced by endoderm & mesoderm invagination

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5
Q

Epiboly

A

Ectodermal cells spread to cover the outer embryo surface during gastrulation, end up covering blastula

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6
Q

Convergent extension

A

Cells converge on the dorsal side to produce an elongated “fish” shape, found in fish

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7
Q

Subgerminal space

A

Cavity formed beneath the chick embryo during early blastoderm stage

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8
Q

Hypoblast

A

Cell layer above the yolk under blastoderm, gives rise to extra-embryonic structures (yolk sac)

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9
Q

Epiblast

A

A group of cells w/in blastocyst (mouse)/blastoderm (chick), develops from the inner cell mass into the embryo proper

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10
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost extra-embryonic membrane in mammals reptiles & birds, just beneath shell (birds & reptiles), part of placenta (mammals), involved in gas exchange (all) & nutrient & waste exchange (mammals), formed from trophoblast (mammals)

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11
Q

Ingression

A

Cells individually move to the inside during gastrulation, mammals & birds: cells detach from epiblast & move through primitive streak

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12
Q

Amnion

A

Extra-embryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac which encloses & protects the embryo, arises from extra-embryonic ectoderm & mesoderm, formed from inner cell mass (ICM)

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13
Q

Nieuwkoop center

A

Signalling center on dorsal side of early Xenopus embryo, forms on dorsal vegetal region b/c cortical rotation, helps specify position of Spemann organizer

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14
Q

Spemann organizer

A

Signalling center on amphibian dorsal embryo, acts as main embryonic organizer, produces signals that organize new A/P & D/V axes, cells become notochord

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15
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells that surround the developing embryo

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16
Q

Tunica

A

Formed from L1 & L2 layers through anticlinal cell divisions, found in plants

17
Q

Corpus

A

Formed from L3 through divisions in any direction, found in plants

18
Q

Embryonic stem cell line

A

Pluripotent cells that can contribute to an embryo (esp germ-line) when injected into a blastocyst

19
Q

Blastula

A

A hollow ball of cells, early stage of embryonic development

20
Q

Blastoderm

A

Post cleavage embryo. a solid cell mass instead of a ball, found in chick, zebrafish, & fly embryos

21
Q

Blastocyst

A

A mammalian embryo stage corresponding to the blastula stage in other animals, where embryo implants into uterine wall

22
Q

Blastocoel

A

A fluid-filled cavity in the blastula

23
Q

Blastopore

A

Invagination/slit on the sea urchin & amphibian embryo surface where mesoderm & endoderm move towards the center of the embryo @ gastrulation

24
Q

Morpholino

A

Short (~25bp) oligonucleotides w/ modified bases to increase stability, can prevent translation by blocking the ribosome

25
Q

Primitive streak

A

Site of gastrulation in avian & mammalian embryos & forerunner of A/P axis, a strip of ingressing cells that extends into epiblast from posterior margin, epiblast cells move through streak into embryo interior -> mesoderm & endoderm

26
Q

Morphogenesis

A

How cells change shape, migrate, & recognize their positions to give an embryo its unique morphological appearance

27
Q

Signalling center

A

A localized region of an embryo that exerts a special influence on surrounding cells usually by secreting signalling proteins that determine how the cells develop

28
Q

Organizer

A

A signalling center that directs the organization of the entire embryo or part of the embryo (like a limb)

29
Q

Rhombomere

A

Compartments of cell-lineage
restriction along chick & mouse embryo hindbrains

30
Q

Neural tube

A

Ectodermally-derived tubular structure that forms along the dorsal midline of a vertebrate embryo & gives rise to the vertebrate nervous system

31
Q

Commissural neuron

A

Neuron in vertebrate spinal column/insect ventral nerve cord where axon crosses the midline to form connections w/ neurons on the other side

BISC 333 (3 decks)

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